艾尔之光bh和dl:中国企业靠什么在全球竞争？China Corporate Challengers Brawny, Not Brainy

Brawn, not brain-power, characterizes the Chinese business groups that a new report says will shake up the corporate world order.A list of rising companies from the developing world likeliest to challenge the multinationals ( pdf), published by the Boston Consulting Group on Tuesday, suggests size and government backing in China, not entrepreneurialism, may be the source of the global impact by the country's businesses. China occupies 33 spots on the 100-strong list, against 20 from India and 13 from Brazil.The list, part of the firm's annual New Global Challengers report, also offers a sharp contrast to other news items that have sparked fretting in the U.S. about Chinese innovation, including its stealth airplane development, its fast computersand whether there is a 'Chinese way' to rear children.On BCG's new global list, five of the 100 companies already 'closely resemble established multinationals,' the report says. But none is Chinese despite the fact that the country's noteworthy groups represent a third of the list total.In many cases, the Chinese companies listed have a global footprint because they are the groups doing the heavy lifting globally for Beijing, from making its metal and industrial inputs (Aluminum Corp. of China, Baosteel Group and Sinochem) to transporting its exports (China Shipping Group and Cosco) and setting its infrastructure (China Communications Construction, Chint and Shanghai Electric Group).None of the Chinese companies on the challenger's list makes products that would help further Beijing's billion-dollar soft-power push, the way Hollywood studios do for the U.S. for instance. None makes anything you could eat (like Indonesia's Indofood and Thailand's Thai Union Frozen Products), a medicine to improve your health (like India's Dr. Reddy's) or feel better about your looks (like Brazil's Natura), much less promise tips in business strategy (such as India's Tata Consultancy Services).Chinese groups on the list do sell products for consumers: refrigerators (Haier), cars (Chery Automobile) and clothes (Li & Fung). But based on the BCG listings, China is not coming to a grocery near you.'There's not an Apple on this list,' says David Michael, BCG's senior partner and managing director in Beijing. But never say never, he suggests. 'China is full of these private sector consumer brands' â ' from online seller Taobao to discount hotel chains â ' 'but they're at an earlier stage, and they haven't gone global,' Mr. Michael notes.The entrepreneurial zest on this list is limited to a few Chinese companies already well known, including battery maker BYD Group, appliance titan Haier and auto-parts amalgamator Wanxiang Group. Mr. Michael says China's specialty is often 'cost innovation' but the go-global challenge posed by companies like China State Construction Engineering Corp. 'just shows how much experience and capabilities in these companies have developed in the domestic market.'It bears mentioning that Russian companies on the BCG list have even less consumer sex appeal and are even more homogenous than their Chinese counterparts: all six of its businesses are essentially resources based.Despite the country's steady growth, Chinese challengers come and go. Some 28 of the 44 Chinese companies BCG identified in the May 2006 version of its New Challengers report ( pdf) were absent from the new New Challengers report.Those that survived five years on the list are often the biggest companies, like China Minmetals. And where categories of Chinese companies, like vehicle makers, have remained, specific companies didn't: Chery and Geely have replaced FAW Group and Dongfeng.Some of China's old New Challengers: Hisense, Konka Group, Techtronic and UTStarcom. Mr. Michael says churn on the list is normal, often because the company didn't go global as expected or missed technological leaps.China's gorilla-sized companies have up-and-coming global challengers. In BCG's 2006 list, 44 names were Chinese. The 2011 list has expanded by six nations, making room for South Africa (food company Bidvest), Argentina (energy equipment maker Tenaris) and Saudi Arabia (chemicals maker Saudi Basic Industries).James T. Areddy在一份新出炉的咨询报告看来，那些足以改变全球企业界秩序的中国公司靠的是规模，而不是核心竞争力。Bloomberg News中国宝钢集团（Baosteel Group）波士顿咨询公司（Boston Consulting Group）周二发布的年度报告《新全球挑战者》（New Global Challengers）列出了最有可能挑战老牌跨国公司的发展中国家企业新星。这份榜单显示出，中国企业发挥全球影响力的根源在于企业规模和政府支持，而非“企业家精神”。在这份全球百强名单中，中国占据了33席，印度占据20席，巴西13席。这份榜单同时也和那些引起美国焦虑的有关“中国创造”的新闻形成了鲜明对照，包括歼-20隐形战机的首飞、全球运算速度最快的超级计算机“天河一号”以及中国是否存在独特的育儿方法。报告称，在波士顿咨询公司公布的全球百强名单中，已有五家公司的实力“非常接近老牌跨国企业”。但其中没有一家是中国公司，尽管上榜的中国企业数量占了三分之一。在很多情况下，上榜的中国公司有全球业务仅仅是因为他们为中国政府承担了重任，从为中国进口金属和工业产品，比如中国铝业公司（Aluminum Corp. of China），宝钢集团（Baosteel Group）和中化集团（Sinochem）；到运输出口产品，如中国海运（集团）总公司（China Shipping Group）和中远集团（Cosco）；再到进行基础建设，比如中国交通建设股份有限公司（China Communications Construction）、正泰电器（Chint）以及上海电气集团（Shanghai Electric Group）。没有一家上榜的中国企业制造的产品有助于促进中国政府已花费数十亿美元的“软实力”推广行动，就像好莱坞的电影为美国所做的宣传一样。这些企业生产的产品没有可供人们食用的，就像印尼的印多福食品（Indofood）以及泰国的联合速冻食品（Thai Union Frozen Products）；也没有能增进人们健康的，比如像印度制药商Dr. Reddy's和巴西的Natura；更没有能提供可靠的商业策略消息的，比如印度的塔塔咨询公司（Tata Consultancy Services）。上榜的中国企业也生产消费品，比如海尔冰箱、奇瑞汽车以及利丰服饰。但从波士顿咨询公司的榜单来看，日用杂货店里没什么有影响力的中国产品。波士顿咨询公司北京分公司的高级合伙人和董事总经理迈克尔（David Michael）说，上榜的企业中没有像苹果公司那样的企业，但也并非绝无可能。中国的民营企业里不乏知名的消费品牌，比如淘宝商城和折扣连锁酒店，但这些企业尚处起步阶段，还未走出去。名单上为数不多的由创业企业成长起来的知名公司包括电池厂商比亚迪集团（BYD Group），家电巨头海尔以及汽车零部件大型企业万向集团。迈克尔说中国企业的专长往往是“成本创新”，但像中国建筑股份有限公司（China State Construction Engineering Corp）这样的企业在走出去的过程中遭遇的挑战显示出，其在国内市场积累了多少经验和能力。值得一提的是，相比中国企业，上榜的六家俄罗斯企业行业属性更为趋同，都是资源类企业，没有一家生产日用消费品。尽管中国经济稳定增长，上榜的企业却不固定。2006年5月登上波士顿咨询公司公司新竞争者榜单的44家中国企业中，今年已有28家不见身影。过去五年幸存下来的大都是超大型企业，比如中国五矿（China Minmetals）。还有一些行业虽然还留在榜单上，但行业内的公司早就发生了变化，比如一汽集团（FAW Group）和东风汽车就被奇瑞汽车（Chery）和吉利汽车（Geely）所取代。曾经上榜、如今依然在榜单上占据一席之地的公司有：海信（Hisense）、康佳集团（Konka Group）、创科实业（Techtronic）以及UT斯达康。在迈克尔看来，具体名单的变动实属正常，下榜的原因大都是这些企业没有如期实现“走出去”战略，或错失了技术飞跃的良机。中国的超大型企业也面临后起之秀的挑战。 波士顿咨询公司公司2006年的榜单中有44家中国企业。但在2011年的榜单中有六个新进国家，其中包括南非（食品公司Bidvest）、阿根廷（能源设备制造商Tenaris）以及沙特阿拉伯（沙特基础工业公司）。James T. Areddy