九乡新闻网超级工程ppt:Space-Based Infrared System
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Space-Based Infrared System
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The Space-Based Infrared System (SBIRS) (pronounced "sib-errs") is a consolidated system intended to meet United States infrared space surveillance needs through the first two to three decades of the 21st century. The SBIRS program addresses critical warfighter needs in the areas of missile warning, missile defense and battlespace characterization.
SBIRS is an integrated "system of systems" that will include satellites in geosynchronous orbit (GEO), sensors hosted on satellites in highly elliptical orbit (HEO) and ground data processing and control. SBIRS ground software integrates infrared sensor programs of the U.S. Air Force (USAF) with new IR sensors. SBIRS continues to struggle with cost overruns,[1] with Nunn-McCurdy breaches occurring in 2001 and 2005. By September 2007, the expected project cost had increased to $10.4 billion.[2][3]
The original contract consisted of 2 HEO satellite sensors and 2-3 GEO sensors (and satellites) with an option to buy a total of 5 GEOs. In December 2005, following the third SBIRS Nunn-McCurdy violation, the government decided to compete GEO 4 and 5, with an option to buy GEO 3 contingent on the performance of the first two. Additionally, the government started a potential SBIRS High replacement program and proposals are currently being written (as of late June, 2006).
On June 2, 2009 Lockheed Martin announced it had been awarded a contract for the third HEO payload and the third GEO satellite, and for associated ground equipment modifications.[4] On July 10, 2009, Lockheed Martin was awarded $262.5 million as down payment by the U.S. Air Force towards the purchase of a fourth satellite.[5]
Contents
[hide]- 1 Background
- 2 SBIRS High
- 3 SBIRS Low
- 3.1 Original SBIRS Low
- 3.2 Space Tracking and Surveillance System
[edit] Background
Based on its experiences with the launching of short-range theater missiles by Iraq during the 1991 Persian Gulf War, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) concluded that expanded theater missile warning capabilities were needed and it began planning for an improved infrared satellite sensor capability that would support both long-range strategic and short-range theater ballistic missile warning and defense operations. In 1994, DOD studied consolidating various infrared space requirements, such as for ballistic missile warning and defense, technical intelligence, and battlespace characterization, and it selected SBIRS to replace and enhance the capabilities provided by the Defense Support Program (DSP). The Defense Support Program is a strategic surveillance and early warning satellite system with an infrared capability to detect long-range ballistic missile launches that has been operational for about 30 years. DOD has previously attempted to replace the Defense Support Program with:
- the Advanced Warning System in the early 1980s
- the Boost Surveillance and Tracking System in the late 1980s
- the Follow-on Early Warning System in the early 1990s
According to the Government Accountability Office (GAO), these attempts failed due to immature technology, high cost, and affordability issues. SBIRS is to use more sophisticated infrared technologies than the DSP to enhance the detection of strategic and theater ballistic missile launches and the performance of the missile-tracking function.
[edit] SBIRS High
SBIRS High (also now simply referred to as "SBIRS") is to consist of four satellites operating in geosynchronous earth orbit and sensors on two host satellites operating in a highly elliptical orbit. SBIRS High will replace Defense Support Program satellites and is primarily to provide enhanced strategic and theater ballistic missile warning capabilities. SBIRS High is still partly in the engineering and manufacturing development phase, with a scheduled first launch for SBIRS GEO currently scheduled for early May 2011.[6] Two SBIRS sensors hosted on two classified satellites in highly elliptical orbit have already been launched,[7] probably as part of the NROL-22 (USA 184) and NROL-28 (USA 200) launches in 2006 and 2008.[8][9]
The prime contractor for SBIRS is Lockheed Martin, with Northrop Grumman as the major subcontractor. Lockheed Martin also provides the satellite for SBIRS GEO. The system's expected deployment was delayed from December 2009 to 2011 because of problems with Lockheed's workmanship on system components, including unresolved software malfunctions and several broken solder joints in a subcontract procured gyroscope assembly on the first spacecraft being built.[10]
If the launch is further postponed into late 2011 then it could conflict with the launches for the Juno (spacecraft) and the Mars Science Laboratory, which will all use the same launch facility.[11]
[edit] SBIRS Low
Note: The SBIRS Low contract is now managed by the Missile Defense Agency (MDA) and has been subsequently renamed to the Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS).
[edit] Original SBIRS Low
The SBIRS Low program is expected to consist of about 24 satellites in low earth orbit. The primary purpose of SBIRS-low is tracking ballistic missiles and discriminating between the warheads and other objects, such as decoys, that separate from the missile bodies throughout the middle portion of their flights. It has two major sensors which it must coordinate with an on-board computer:
- a scanning infrared sensor, which is to acquire ballistic missiles in the early stages of flight.
- a tracking infrared sensor, which is to follow missiles, warheads, and other objects such as debris and decoys during the middle and later stages of flight. The tracking sensor will be cooled to very low temperatures.
SBIRS Low's original deployment schedule was 2010, the date when its capabilities are needed by the National Missile Defense System. The first SBIRS Low satellites need to be launched in 2006 if full deployment is to be accomplished by 2010.
[edit] Space Tracking and Surveillance System
Main article: Space Tracking and Surveillance SystemIn 2001, the Missile Defense Agency assessed the programs needed for a national ballistic missile defense system (BMDS) and found that they were lacking in the relatively new arena of space. The MDA decided to absorb the SBIRS Low constellation in its very early stages of development and renamed the program the Space Tracking and Surveillance System (STSS). This transition changed the direction of the program somewhat, but the overall mission remained the same—detection and tracking of ballistic missiles through all of its phases of flight.
[edit] Ground segment
The ground segment of SBIRS consists primarily of the Mission Control Station (MCS) at Buckley AFB, Aurora, Colorado, the Mission Control Station Backup (MCSB) at Schriever AFB, Colorado Springs, Colorado. In addition, the Joint Tactical Ground Stations (JTAGS) provide deployable downlinks for SBIRS data.
[edit] References
- Space-Based Infrared System Low at Risk of Missing Initial Deployment Date, U.S. General Accounting Office, Feb. 2001.
- Fact Sheets : Space Based Infrared Systems : Space Based Infrared Systems
- Tactical Ballistic Missile Warning, US Strategic Command
- ^ "INTELLIGENCE AUTHORIZATION ACT FOR FISCAL YEAR 2000: Space-Based Infrared System-High (House Report 106-130)". U.S. Government Printing Office. 7 May 1999. http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CRPT-106hrpt130/html/CRPT-106hrpt130-pt1.htm.
- ^ "Space Based Infrared System High Program and its Alternative (GAO-07-1088R)". Government Accountability Office. 12 September 2007. http://www.gao.gov/htext/d071088r.html.
- ^ CDI: Fact Sheet on Space Based Infrared System
- ^ "U.S. Air Force Awards Lockheed Martin $1.5-Billion Contract For SBIRS Follow-On Spacecraft". LM. June 2, 2009. http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2009/0602ss-sbirs.html.
- ^ Vorman, Julie (July 10, 2009). "Lockheed gets $262.5 million U.S. satellite down payment". Reuters. http://www.reuters.com/article/rbssIndustryMaterialsUtilitiesNews/idUSN1026553020090710.
- ^ "First SBIRS GEO Satellite Arrives in Florida, Prepares for May Launch". http://www.losangeles.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123246466.
- ^ "U.S. Air Force Awards Lockheed Martin $1.5-Billion Contract For SBIRS Follow-On Spacecraft". http://www.lockheedmartin.com/news/press_releases/2009/0602ss-sbirs.html.
- ^ "Molczan in Satobs message 30 September 2005". http://www.satobs.org/seesat/Sep-2005/0336.html.
- ^ "Molczan in Satobs message 24 February 2008". http://www.satobs.org/seesat/Feb-2008/0515.html.
- ^ Capaccio, Tony, "Delivery Delayed For Lockheed Martin's Early Warning Satellite", Bloomberg.com, Sep 30, 2009.
- ^ Thompson, Loren B. Launch Priority: Missile Warning Has To Come First Lexington Institute, 22 October 2010
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