逆战好号账号密码大全:基本量纲和常数
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in Stan's Library, Ed.S.Sykora, Vol.I. First release March 1, 2005. Last update December 31, 2007.
Lists the latest CODATA values and their successive improvements !
Permalink via DOI: 10.3247/SL2Phys07.001 SI Units | Dimensions of various quantities Stan's LINKS | Stan's Library | Stan's HUB
- Universal constants
- Electron and atomic physics constants
- Physico-chemical constants
- Conventional constants
- Formats and other Notes
- References and Links
- Electromagnetic constants
- Nuclear and particle physics constants
- Electromagnetic radiation constants
- SI conversion factors
- Mathematical constants (separate page)
Notes:
- Format of numeric values: mantissa[uncertainty][exponent]. The uncertainty is specified only for experimentally assessed constants and consists in the probable error in the last two digits of mantissa, enclosed in square brackets. The format of the decadic exponent is either e+value or e-value. When the exponent specification is missing, e+0 is intended.
Example: 2.34567[17] e+2 indicates a quantity with the most probable value of 234.567 and an expected error of 0.017.
- Bold magenta values indicate constants whose values are assigned by convention and therefore are no longer subject to experimental assessment. In particular this applies to the speed of light which now indirectly defines the meter and permeability of vacuum which now indirectly defines the ampere. In turn, these determine the permittivity and characteristic impedance of vacuum, making them assigned as well.
- Bold black values indicate physical constants which can not be directly derived from the others (in some cases, such choices may be subject to discussion).
- Vertical bar is used to separate various alias expressions for a dimension.
- Classification does not exactly follow NIST standard but reflects the Author's opinions on what came first - whether the hen or the egg.
- Conventional values:
a) The conventional (adopted) value of the Josephson constant is used to realize voltage reference devices [1].
b) The conventional (adopted) value of the von Klitzing constant is used to realize electric resistance reference devices [4].
- The value of Hubble constant was estimated by the group W.Freedman in 1999 as 70±7.0 (km/s)/Mparsec. Values as low as 50 and as high as 82 km/s/Megaparsec were found in earlier measurements but the latest one is now believed to be in error of not more than 10% (the conversion factor for parsec, taken from the current NIST database, is 3.085678e+16 m). The value reported here corresponds to the latest adjustments adopted by NASA (see Wikipedia).
References: Constants of Physics & Mathematics,
sorted by year and by the first author
- Hatch E.,
A Few Simple Facts: From the Electron through the Fundamental Constants,
Lulu.com 2007. ISBN 1-430-30790-0.more >> - Gabrielse G., Hanneke D., Kinoshita T., Nio M., Odom B.,
New Determination of the Fine Structure Constant from the Electron g Value and QED,
Phys.Rev.Letters 97, 030802 (2006). - Odom B., Hanneke D., D'Urso B., Gabrielse G.,
New Measurement of the Electron Magnetic Moment Using a One-Electron Quantum Cyclotron,
Phys.Rev.Letters 97, 030801 (2006). - Benz S.P., Hamilton C.A.,
Application of the Josephson Effect to Voltage Metrology,
Proc.IEEE 92(10),1617-1629 (2004). - Fr?lich C., Lean J.,
Solar Radiative Output and its Variability: Evidence and Mechanisms,
Astron.Astrophys.Rev. 12,273-320 (2004). DOI. - Karshenboim S.G., Peik E., Editors,
Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants,
Springer Verlag 2004. ISBN 978-3540219675.more >> - Pap J.M., Fox P.A., Fr?lich C., Editors,
Solar Variability and its Effect on Climate,
in Geophysical Monograph Series, No.141,
American Geophysical Union 2004. ISBN 978-0875904061.more >> - Landwehr G.,
25 Years of quantum Hall effect: how it all came about,
Physica E 20(1-2), 1-13 (2003). - Bachmair H. et al,
The von Klitzing resistance standard,
Physica E 20(1-2), 14-23 (2003). - Conroy R.S.,
Frequency standards, metrology and fundamental constants,
Contemp.Phys. 4444(2), 99-135 (2003). - Finch S.,
Mathematical Constants,
Cambridge University Press 2003. ISBN 0-521-81805-2.more >> - Hall J.L.,Ye J.,
Optical Frequency Standards and Measurement,
IEEE Trans.Instrum.Meas. 52(2), 227-231 (2003). - Hatch E.,
Common Factors of The Fundamental Constants of Particle Physics,
BookSurge Publishing 2003. ISBN 1-594-57174-0.more >> - Kragh H.,
Magic Number: A Partial History of the Fine-Structure Constant.
Arch. Hist. Exact. Sci. 57(5),395-431 (2003). - Uzan J.P.,
The fundamental constants and their variation: observational and theoretical status,
Rev.Mod.Phys. 75(2), 403-455 (2003). - Marciano W.J.,
Precision measurements and New Physics,
J.Phys. G 29(1), 225-234 (2003). - Martins , Editor,
The Cosmology of Extra Dimensions and Varying Fundamental Constants,
Springer Verlag 2003. ISBN 1-402-01138-5.more >> - Faller J.E.,
Thirty years of progress in absolute gravimetry:
a scientific capability implemented by technological advances,
Metrologia 39(5), 425-428 (2002). - Hagiwara K. et al,
Review of Particle Physics,
Phys.Rev. D 66, 010001, 974 p. (2002). - Fritzsch H.,
Fundamental Constants at High Energy,
Fortschr.Phys. 5050(5-7), 518-524 (2002). - Becker P.,
History and progress in the accurate determination of the Avogadro constant,
Rep.Prog.Phys. 64(12), 1945-2008 (2001). - Quinn T.J.,
Recent Advance in Metrology and Fundamental Constants,
Ios Press 2001. ISBN 1-586-03167-8.more >> - Varshalovich D.A., Potekhin A.Y., Ivanchik A.V.,
Puzzle Of the Constancy Of Fundamental Constants,
Comments.At.Mol.Phys. 2(5), D223-232 (2001). - Varshalovich D.A., Potekhin A.Y., Ivanchik A.V.,
Problems of Cosmological Variability of Fundamental Physical Constants,
Phys. Scr. T95, 76-80 (2001). - Taylor B.N,
The International System of Units (SI),
NIST Special Publication 330, 2001 Edition (supersedes the 1991 Edition). - Mohr P.J.,Taylor B.N.,
CODATA recommended values of the fundamental physical constants: 1998,
Rev.Mod.Phys. 72,351-495 (2000). - Mohr P.J.,Taylor B.N.,
CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Constants,
in Atomic and Molecular Data and Their Applications, Berrington K.A., Bell K.L., Editors, Vol.543,
Melville, New York: American Institute of Physics, 3-16 (2000). - Basov N.G., Gubin A.,
Quantum Frequency Standards,
IEEE J.Quantum Electron. 6(6), 857-868 (2000). - Luo J., Hu Z.K.,
Status of measurement of the Newtonian gravitational constant G,
Class.Quantum Grav. 17(12), 2351-2363 (2000). - Groom D.E. et al.,
Review of particle physics,
Eur.Phys.J. C 15(1-4), 1-878 (2000). - CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants: 1998,
J.Phys.Chem.Ref.Data, 28, No.6, 1999. - Quinn T.J.,
Practical realization of the definition of the metre (1997),
Metrologia 36(3), 211-244 (1999). - Johnstone W.D.,
For Good Measure:
The Most Complete Guide to Weights and Measures and Their Metric Equivalents,
NTC Pub.Group 1998. ISBN 0-844-20851-5.more >> - The International System of Units (SI),
Bureau International des Poids et Measures (BIPM), 7th Edition, 1998. - Johnson P.,
The Constants of Nature: A Realist Account,
Ashgate Publishing 1997. ISBN 1-840-14102-6.more >> - Cohen E.R.,Taylor B.N.,
The Fundamental Physical Constants,
Phys.Today, Aug. 1996, bg9. - Cowie, Songaila,
Astrophysical Limits on the Evolution of Dimensionless Physical Constants over Cosmological Time,
Astrophysical Journal 453, 596 (1995). - Sanders J., Editor,
Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants,
Springer Verlag 1995. ISBN 0-306-35084-X.more >> - Cohen-Tannoudji G.,
Universal Constants in Physics,
McGraw-Hill 1992. ISBN 0-070-11651-2.more >> - Sisterna P., Vucetich H.,
Time variation of fundamental constants: Bounds from geophysical and astronomical data,
Physical Review D, 41, 1034 (1990), 44, 3096 (1991). - De Sabbata V., Melnikov V.N., Editors,
Gravitational Measurements, Fundamental Metrology, and Constants,
NATA ASI Series C: Vol.230
D.Reidel Pub.Co. 1988. ISBN 9-027-72709-0.more >> - Petley B.W.,
Fundamental Physical Constants and the Frontier of Measurement,
Adam Hilger 1985. ISBN 0-852-74427-7.more >> - Lucas A.A., Cutler P.H., North A.,
Quantum Metrology and Fundamental Physical Constants,
Springer Verlag 1983. ISBN 0-306-41372-8.more >> - Richard E., Crowe K.M., Cohen J.W.M.D.,
The Fundamental Constants of Physics,
Intersience Publishers 1957.more >> - DuMond J.W.M.,Cohen R.,
Least Squares Adjustment of the Atomic Constants,
Rev.Mod.Phys. 25, 691 (1952). - Furth R.,
The Limits of Measurement,
Scientific American. 183 (1), 48 (1950). - Birge R.T.,
Probable Values of General Physics Constants,
Rev.Mod.Phys. 1 (Supplement), 1-73 (1929). DOI Link.
Web links
- NIST Physical Reference Data.
- NIST Fundamental Physical Constants.
- NIST Searchable Bibliography of Fundamental Physical Constants.
- NIST Units of Measurements.
- BIPM. The home page of the SI System of Units.
- Solar constant. A brief review by Claus Fr?lich with 9 references.
- Have physical constants changed with time by S.Carlip.
Copyright ?2005,2007 Stanislav Sykora DOI: 10.3247/SL2Phys07.001 Designed by Stan Sykora ( last update 05/25/2011 16:59:54)