风流成决by攻党肉控:关于生奶的危险性、谣言及误解

不久前，乳品曾是全国头号食品安全焦点。1920年之后乳品才经过常规巴氏灭菌，在此之前生奶引发了大量的致死性疾病爆发。如今2011年，未经过巴氏灭菌的生奶又回到了美国人的餐桌上，再一次引发了疾病爆发。

Milk is an important and nutritious natural food, but the recurrent outbreaks related to unpasteurized milk and milk products require that we work together to put out accurate and consistent messages about the serious illnesses that can be caused by consuming raw milk.

乳品是一种天然富有营养的食物，但是和生奶及其制品有关的疾病频发，要求我们给大众传递食用生奶会引起严重疾病的精确信息。

First, let's dispel some common myths about raw milk.

Myth #1. Raw milk is healthier and more nutritious than pasteurized milk.

Not so! All of the nutritional benefits of drinking milk are available from pasteurized milk without the risk for disease that comes with drinking raw milk.

不是这样的！经过巴氏灭菌的乳品仍保留了所有的营养素，而且不必承受喝生奶带来的风险。

Myth #2. Drinking raw milk can prevent or cure diseases such as asthma, allergies, heart disease, or cancer.

谣言2. 饮用生奶可防止或治愈哮喘、心脏病或癌症等疾病

No. There are no health benefits from drinking raw milk that cannot be obtained from drinking pasteurized milk that is free of disease-causing bacteria.

错。饮用无致病菌的巴氏灭菌奶也可以得到乳品的所有功效。

Myth #3. Milk is safe as long as it is labeled "organic."

谣言3. 只要是“有机”的乳品就是安全的

Again, this is not true. Even raw organic milk is not safe. Only organic milk that has been pasteurized is safe to drink.

这个也不对，即使有机生奶仍然不安全。只有经过巴氏灭菌的有机生奶才可以安全饮用。

Myth #4. Milk and raw milk products like soft cheeses and yogurts are safe if they come from healthy animals.

谣言4. 产自健康动物的乳品和生奶制品如软奶酪和酸奶是安全的

No, even the healthiest of animals can carry pathogens, such as Escherichia coli O157, Campylobacter, and Salmonella that can contaminate milk.

错，即使是最健康的动物也会携带致病菌，如大肠杆菌O157菌种、弯曲菌和沙门氏菌都可能污染乳品。

Myth #5. If animals are raised in sanitary conditions on humane farms, this ensures that their milk is safe.

谣言5. 如果动物在干净的农场中饲养，就能保证其乳品是安全的

It may surprise many to know that the dairy farm environment, even when every precaution is taken, is a reservoir for illness-causing germs. Even if the farm's raw milk tests come back negative, it is no guarantee that the milk, or the products made from the milk, are always free of those pathogens.

如果大家知道了畜牧场的环境肯定会震惊，即使有预防措施，畜牧场仍然是一个滋生细菌的大本营。即使生奶检测报告显示阴性（译注：阴性为无致病菌存在），但仍然不能保证这些乳品和乳制品能一直不被致病菌污染。

Myth #6. Drinking raw milk may not be safe, but no harm will come from eating products (cheeses, yogurts) made from raw milk.

谣言6. 饮用生奶可能不安全，但是食用生奶制品（奶酪、酸奶）没关系

Unfortunately, this too is quite false. In fact, both people who died in outbreaks related to unpasteurized milk between 1999 and 2008 died of infections caused by fresh Mexican-style cheese made from raw milk. These unfortunate cases show how raw milk made into fresh cheese can cause dangerous infections.

Now that we've put to rest the myths about raw milk, let's discuss the recent facts about the illnesses caused by consuming raw milk and raw milk products. In the 10 years from 1999 to 2008, 86 outbreaks related to unpasteurized milk were reported to CDC, leading to 1676 illnesses, 191 hospitalizations, and 2 deaths.

既然我们澄清了关于生奶的谣言，接下来说说食用生奶和生奶制品的真相吧。从1999年到2008年这10年间，共有86起和生奶相关的疾病爆发事件报告给疾控中心，导致1676人患病，191人住院，2人死亡。

That is about 8 outbreaks per year. Most of them were due to either E. coli O157, Campylobacter, or Salmonella. Especially concerning was that, of the 86 outbreaks reported to CDC, 79% involved at least 1 person under the age of 20. Some of the most severe illnesses can occur in young children, like kidney failure due to E. coli O157. And remember, E. coli O157 can spread from one young child to another in a day care or nursery school.

每年有8起疾病爆发事件。大部分和大肠杆菌O157、弯曲菌和沙门氏菌有关。值得特别注意的是，报告给疾控中心的86起疾病爆发中，79%的事件中至少有一患者年龄小于20岁。最严重的疾病可能发生在儿童身上，如大肠杆菌O157引发的肾衰竭。请记住，大肠杆菌O157可以通过儿童传播到托儿所和学前班。

Some states permit sale of raw milk and, not surprisingly, about 80% of these outbreaks occurred in states that permit the sale of raw milk. Finally, because not all foodborne outbreaks are investigated or reported to CDC, the actual number of outbreaks that occur is likely to be greater than the number reported.

一些州允许销售生奶，一点也不奇怪，80%的疾病都发生在这些州内。最终，并不是所有的食源性疾病都会被调查或报告给疾控中心，实际患病人数很可能比报告出的数字多得多。

Our recommendations are simple and straightforward.

我们的建议简单明了。

* Pasteurization of milk is a fundamentally important food safety measure;

* 乳品巴氏灭菌从根本上是重要的保证食品安全措施

* CDC strongly supports measures to promote pasteurization and restrict the sale of raw milk; and

* 疾控中心强烈支持改进巴氏灭菌工艺，并严格限制销售生奶；1

* Specifically for clinicians, we urge you to educate your patients about the dangers of consuming raw milk or raw milk products.

* 特别是对临床医生，我们迫切请求你们告诉患者食用生奶和生奶制品的危险性。

Thank you!

谢谢！