高考美术网图片大全:USA Scientists 美国科学家邮票

USA

Date of issue: March 14th, 2005

Barbara McClintock (1902-1992)obtained her undergraduate and doctoral degrees at Cornell University‘sCollege of Agriculture. From 1941 until her death she worked at theCold Spring Harbor Laboratory in New York. Throughout her long careershe held many prestigious positions and received numerous awards andHonorary Doctorates. In 1944 she became the third woman to be electedto the National Academy of Sciences and in 1945 was the first womanpresident of the Genetics Society of America. She was awarded theNational Medal of Science in 1971, the US government‘s highest scienceaward. In 1981 she became the first recipient of the MacArthurFoundation Grant, and was awarded the Albert and Mary Lasker Award.Most notably, she received the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1983,credited by the Nobel Foundation for discovering "mobile geneticelements" called transposons. (more)

Josiah Willard Gibbs (1839-1903)was an American mathematical physicist whose pioneer work instatistical mechanics laid the basis for the development of physicalchemistry as a science.
In 1854 he entered Yale College where he won prizes for excellence inLatin and Mathematics. When he was awarded a doctorate from Yale in1863 it was the first doctorate of engineering to be conferred in theUnited States. After this he served as a tutor at Yale, teaching Latinand Natural Philosophy.From 1866 to 1869 Gibbs studied in Europe. He spent the winter of1866-67 in Paris, followed by a year in Berlin and, finally spending1868-69 in Heidelberg. Gibbs returned to Yale in 1869 and, two yearslater, he was appointed professor of mathematical physics at Yale.
Gibbs worked out the theory of the thermodynamic properties ofheterogeneous substances. He formulated the concept of chemicalpotential. In mathematics he wrote on quaternions and was influentialin developing vector analysis. His work in statistical mechanics wasespecially important. Gibbs also contributed to crystallography, thedetermination of planetary and comet orbits, and electromagnetictheory. James Clerk Maxwell was one of the first European scientists torecognize Gibbs as a theoretical physicist of international stature. (more)

John Von Neumann (1903–1957), American mathematician, born inHungary, naturalized in 1937. He studied chemistry at the University ofBerlin and, at Technische Hochschule in Zürich, received the diploma inchemical engineering in 1926. The same year, he received the Ph.D. inmathematics from the University of Budapest. Von Neumann was lecturerat Berlin in 1926-29 and at the University of Hamburg in 1929-30.During this time he worked mainly on quantum physics and operatortheory. Largely because of his work, quantum physics and operatortheory can be viewed as two aspects of the same subject. He taught(1930–33) at Princeton and after 1933 was associated with the Institutefor Advanced Study. During World War II, he was much in demand as aconsultant to the armed forces and made fundamental contribution to thedevelopment of the atomic bomb. He was a leader in the design anddevelopment of high-speed electronic computers; his works enabled theUnited States to produce and test (1952) the world‘s first hydrogenbomb. In 1954 he was appointed a member of the Atomic Energy Commission.
About 20 of von Neumann‘s 150 papers are in physics; the rest aredistributed more or less evenly among pure mathematics (mainly settheory, logic, topological group, measure theory, ergodic theory,operator theory, and continuous geometry) and applied mathematics(statistics, numerical analysis, shock waves, flow problems,hydrodynamics, aerodynamics, ballistics, problems of detonation,meteorology, and two nonclassical aspects of applied mathematics, gamesand computers). (more)

Richard Phillips Feynman (1918 - 1988) was one of the mostinfluential American physicists of the 20th century. He got hisBachelor of Science degree from MIT in 1939 and received his doctorateat Princeton University in 1942. During World War II he worked at theArmy research center at Los Alamos, New Mexico, helping design thefirst atomic bomb. After the war he became closely associated with theCalifornia Institute of Technology (CalTech), where he was a professorfrom 1951 until his death. In 1947 Feynman was among several physicistswhose combined work created quantum electrodynamics. One of hiscontributions, first published in 1948, is the Feynman diagram, agraphic way to calculate the results of particle interactions. LaterFeynman developed a theory that protons and neutrons are made fromsmaller particles, although the quark theory of such particles is owedto Murray Gell-Mann. In 1965 for his work on quantum electrodynamics,Feynman shared the Nobel Prize in Physics with Julian Schwinger andSin-Itiro Tomonaga. In 1986 he was a member of the presidentialcommission which investigated the Space Shuttle Challenger disaster.
Feynman was a born teacher. He tried to bring everything to thefreshman’s level. If he could not explain some subject at that level hewould admit that he has not understood it. He enjoyed being withundergraduate students. In his attempt to revive the CalTech physicssyllabus for freshmen he produced three valuable books in a seriescalled “Feynman’s Lectures on Physics”. By now they have becomeclassics. (more)

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Last updated: December 10th, 2005