黄鳝钻入人体:情态动词

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1. 情态动词的语法特征
 
 1)情态动词不能表示正在发生或已经发生的事情,只表示期待或估计某事的发生。
 2) 情态动词 除ought 和have 外,后面只能接不带to 的不定式。
 3)情态动词没有人称,数的变化,即情态动词第三人称单数不加-s。
 4) 情态动词没有非谓语形式,即没有不定式,分词,等形式。
 
2. 比较can 和be able to
 
1)can could 表示能力;可能 (过去时用could),
只用于现在式和过去式(could)。be able to可以用于各种时态。
 They will be able to tell you the news soon. 他很快就能告诉你消息了。

2)只用be able to
  a. 位于助动词后。
  b. 情态动词后。
  c. 表示过去某时刻动作时。
  d. 用于句首表示条件。
  e. 表示成功地做了某事时,只能用was/were able to,不能用could。
   He was able to flee Europe before the war broke out.
  = He managed to flee Europe before the war broke out.
  
注意:could不表示时态

1)提出委婉的请求,(注意在回答中不可用could)。
   --- Could I have the television on?
   --- Yes, you can. / No, you can't.

2)在否定,疑问句中表示推测或怀疑。
     He couldn't be a bad man.  
    他不大可能是坏人。
 
3. 比较may和might
 
1)表示允许或请求;表示没有把握的推测;may 放在句首,表示祝愿。
    May God bless you!
    He might be at home.
注意: might 表示推测时,不表示时态。只是可能性比may 小。

2) 成语: may/might as well,后面接不带to 的不定式,意为"不妨"。
    If that is the case, we may as well try.

典型例题
 Peter ___come with us tonight, but he isn't very sure yet.
  A. must  B. may  C. can  D. will
 答案B. 表可能性只能用may. 此句意可从后半句推出。
4. 比较have to和must 
 
1) 两词都是'必须'的意思,have to 表示客观的需要, must 表示说话人主观上的看法,既主观上的必要。
  My brother was very ill, so I had to call the doctor in the middle of the night. 我弟弟病得很厉害,我只得半夜里把医生请来。(客观上需要做这件事)
  He said that they must work hard. 他说他们必须努力工作。(主观上要做这件事)

2) have to有人称、数、时态的变化,而must只有一种形式。但must 可用于间接引语中表示过去的必要或义务。
He had to look after his sister yesterday.

3) 在否定结构中: don't have to  表示"不必"
          mustn't    表示"禁止",
   You don't have to tell him about it. 你不一定要把此事告诉他。
   You mustn't tell him about it.    你一定不要把这件事告诉他。
 
5. must表示推测
 
 1) must用在肯定句中表示较有把握的推测,意为"一定"。
 2) must表对现在的状态或现在正发生的事情的推测时, must 后面通常接系动词be 的原形或行为动词的进行式。
   You have worked hard all day.You must be tired. 你辛苦干一整天,一定累了。(对现在情况的推测判断)
   He must be working in his office. 他一定在办公室工作呢。

 比较:
    He must be staying there. 
   他现在肯定呆在那里。
    He must stay there.
    他必须呆在那。
 3) must 表示对已发生的事情的推测时,must 要接完成式。
   I didn't hear the phone. I must have been asleep. 我刚才没有听到电话,我想必是睡着了。

 4) must表示对过去某时正发生的事情的推测,must 后面要接不定式的完成进行式。
  ---Why didn't you answer my phone call?
  ---Well, I must have been sleeping, so I didn't hear it.

 5) 否定推测用can't。
   If Tom didn't leave here until five o'clock, he can't be home yet. 如果汤姆五点才离开这儿,他此时一定还未到家
6. 表示推测的用法
 
 can, could, may, might, must 皆可表示推测,其用法如下:

1)情态动词+动词原形。
  表示对现在或将来的情况的推测,此时动词通常为系动词。
  I don't know where she is, she may be in Wuhan.
2)情态动词+动词现在进行时。
  表示对现在或将来正在进行的情况进行推测。
  At this moment, our teacher must be correcting our exam papers.
  这时,我们老师想必在批改试卷。

3)情态动词+动词完成时。
  表示对过去情况的推测。
  We would have finished this work by the end of next December.
  明年十二月底前我们很可能已完成这项工作了。
  The road is wet. It must have rained last night.
  地是湿的,昨天晚上一定下雨了。

4)情态动词+动词的现在完成进行时。
  表示对过去正在发生事情的推测。
  Your mother must have been looking for you.
  你妈妈一定一直在找你。

5)推测的否定形式,疑问形式用can't, couldn't表示。
  Mike can't have found his car, for he came to work by bus this morning.
  迈克一定还没有找回他的车,因为早上他是坐公共汽车来上班的。

 注意:could, might表示推测时不表示时态,其推测的程度不如can, may。
 
7. 情态动词+ have +过去分词
 
1) may(might) have + done sth, can (could) have + done sth 表示过去,推测过去时间里可能发生的事情。
  Philip may (might) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.
  Philip can (could) have been hurt seriously in the car accident.

2) must have +done sth,对过去时间里可能发生的事情的推测,语气较强,具有"肯定","谅必"的意思。
 ---Linda has gone to work, but her bicycle is still here.
 ---She must have gone by bus.

3) ought to have done sth, should have done sth
  本应该做某事,而事实上并没有做。否定句表示"不该做某事而做了"。
  You ought to (should) have been more careful in this experiment.
  He ought not to have thrown the old clothes away.(事实上已扔了。)
  ought to 在语气上比should 要强。

4) needn't have done sth  本没必要做某事
  I dressed very warmly for the trip, but I needn't have done so. The weather was hot.

5) would like to have done sth  本打算做某事 
  I would like to have read the article, but I was very busy then.

 
8. should 和ought to 
 
  should 和ought to 都为"应该"的意思,可用于各种人称。
  ---Ought he to go?
  ---Yes. I think he ought to.
  表示要求,命令时,语气由 should(应该)、had better最好)、must(必须)渐强。
9. had better表示"最好"
 
  had better 相当于一个助动词,它只有一种形式,它后面要跟动词原形。
  had better do sth
  had better not do sth
  It is pretty cold. You'd better put on my coat.
  She'd better not play with the dog.

  had better have done sth表示与事实相反的结果,意为"本来最好"。
  You had better have come earlier.
 
10. would rather表示"宁愿"
 
 would rather do
 would rather not do
 would rather… than…  宁愿……而不愿。

 还有would sooner, had rather, had sooner都表示"宁愿"、"宁可"的意思。

 If I have a choice, I had sooner not continue my studies at this school.
 I would rather stay here than go home. = I would stay here rather than go home.


典型例题
----Shall we go skating or stay at home?
----Which ___ do?     
A. do you rather  B. would you rather  C. will you rather  D. should you rather
答案B。本题考查情态动词rather的用法,would rather +do sth 意为"宁愿",本题为疑问句,would 提前,所以选B。
 
11. will和would
 
 注意:
 1)would like; Would like to do = want to 想要,为固定搭配。
   Would you like to go with me?
 2)Will you…? Would you like…? 表示肯定含义的请求劝说时,疑问句中一般用some, 而不是any。
   Would you like some cake?
 3)否定结构中用will,一般不用would, won't you是一种委婉语气。
   Won't you sit down?
 
12. 情态动词的回答方式
 
  问句   肯定回答    否定回答
Need you…?  Yes, I must.   No,I needn't
Must you…?           /don't have to.

典型例题
1)---Could I borrow your dictionary?
  ---Yes, of course, you____. 
  A. might B. will  C. can  D. should
  答案C.could表示委婉的语气,并不为时态。答语中of course,表示肯定的语气,允许某人做某事时,用can和 may来表达,不能用could或might。复习: will 与you连用,用来提出要求或下命令。should与you 连用,用来提出劝告。

2)---Shall I tell John about it?
  ---No, you ___. I've told him already.  
  A. needn't  B. wouldn't  C. mustn't  D. shouldn't
  答案A。needn't 不必,不用。 wouldn't 将不, 不会的。 mustn't 禁止、不能。 shouldn't 不应该。本题为不需要,不必的意思,应用needn't。

3)---Don't forget to come to my birthday party tomorrow.
  ---______.
  A. I don't  B. I won't  C. I can't D. I haven't
  答案B. will既可当作情态动词,表请求、建议、也可作为实义动词表"意愿、意志、决心",本题表示决心,选B。

13. 带to 的情态动词
 
 带to 的情态动词有四个:ought to, have to, used to, be to, 如加上have got to ,(=must), be able to,为六个。它们的疑问,否定形式应予以注意:
  Do they have to pay their bill before the end of the month?
  She didn't use to play tennis before she was fourteen.
  You ought not to have told her all about it.
  Ought he to see a heart specialist at once.?

  ought to 本身作为情态动词使用。其他的词作为实义动词使用,变疑问,否定时,须有do 等助动词协助。

典型例题
 Tom ought not to ___ me your secret, but he meant no harm. 
 A.have told B.tell C.be telling D. having told
 答案A。由于后句为过去时,告诉秘密的动作又发生在其前因,此地应用过去完成时,但它在情态动词 ought to 后,所以用have。
 
 
14. 比较need和dare
 
 这两词既可做实义动词用,又可做情态动词用。作为情态动词,两者都只能用于疑问句,否定句和条件句。 need 作实义动词时后面的不定式必须带to,而dare作实义动词用时, 后面的to 时常可以被省略。
1) 实义动词: need (需要, 要求)
        need + n. / to do sth
2) 情态动词: need,只用原形need后加do,否定形式为need not。
  Need you go yet?
  Yes, I must. / No, I needn't.
3) need 的被动含义:need, want, require, worth(形容词)后面接doing也可以表示被动: 
  need doing = need to be done

 

1、 情态动词的基本用法
(1)can、be able to 和could
①can和be able to都表示能力,意思上没多大区别。但can只有现在和过去时,而be able to则有更多的形式。但当成功地完成某一具体动作时,通常不用could而用was/were able to来表示。这时was/were able to 相当于managed to,表示经过一番努力,终于能够完成某事。如:
Can you use chopsticks?
The wounded man still was able to get to the village and was saved in the
end.
②can和could
can和could都可以表示能力、技能、许可、建议或请求和可能性。但比较委婉客气地提出问题或陈述看法,一般用could,回答时则用can。如:
Could you help me carry the bag?
Can I help you?
(2)may/might
①may/might表示可能,但may比might可能性大。如:-Why isn’t he in class?

②may/might表示“允许”,may用于现在时或将来时,might常用在间接引语中表过去时,但might也可用于现在时间,表示比较委婉的语气,回答用may。如:
He says we may leave.
He said we might leave.
③may / might 表示建议或请求,但might比may 更客气,意思更肯定而无过去时态的含义。

(3)must
①must表示必须,应该,没有时态变化。如:
You must do everything as I do.
②must表示肯定的推测。如:
The light is still on, so he must be at home.
③mustn’t 表示禁止做某事。如:
You mustn’t smoke in the office.
(4)have to
have to 表示“必须、不得不”,是由于某种外界(客观)原因而“必须”,“不得不”做某事,也可表示经常的或习惯性的事“必须”做。have to的否定形式表示不必。have to可用于多种时态中。如:
You will have to clean your own boots when you join the army.
I have to be at my office every evening.
(5)should / ought to
①should和ought to表示应当、应该,前者比后者语气轻。如:
You should / ought to work hard.
②should / ought to work hard.
Since she is not here, whe should / ought to be in the classroom.
③should / ought to的否定形式表示禁止之意。如:
Children shouldn’t smoke.
④should可表示陈述意见,推出建议或请求;而ought to可以表示劝告之意。如:
You ought to respect your parents.
He suggested that they should leave at once.
(6)will / would
①will 用于各种人称表示“意志”、“意愿”或“决心”等,否定式won’t + 动词。如:
I will tell you all about it.
Tom won’t do such a thing.
②will用于疑问句中,常用在第二称时表示说话人向对方提出“请求”或“询问”如:
Will you please tell her the news when you see her?
③will 表示习惯性的动作,有“总是”、“惯于”的含义。如:
Fish will die out of water.
④would 表示客气的请求、建议或意愿。如:
Would you please be quiet?
Would you like coffee?
⑤would 表示过去反复发生的动作。如:
When I passed my school I would see my teachers who taught me 5 years ago.
(7)need
need 作“必要”讲,既可作情态动词,也可作实义动词。作实义动词时后面的动词不定式要带to,其变化与一般动词相同。如:
I need to think it over.
—Need you go now?       —Yes, I must./No, I needn’t
(8)dare
dare表示“敢”的意思。作为情态动词时,主要用在疑问句和否定句中。dare若作实义动词,后面可带to的不定式,此时to也可以省略。dare与need的用法相似。如:
How dare you say that?
She doesn’t dare(to)ask her father.
(9)used to
used to表示过去常常发生的动作或存在的习惯,但现在已不复存在了。如:
He used to smoke.
(10)shall
①shall作为情态动词用于第二、三人称,表示说话人的意愿,有“命令”、“警告、威胁、强制”和“允许”等意思。如:
We shall do as our teacher says.
You shall have the book as soon as I finish it.
②在疑问句中,shall用于征求对方的意见或请求指示,常用于第一、第三人称。如:
Where shall he wait for us?
Shall we go out for a walk?
2、情态动词表示推测或判断的用法
下表即是表示推测的情态动词使用的场合:

情态动词

对现在和未来的推测

对过去的推测

使 用 场 合

must

must + 动词原形

must have done

肯定句

may / might

may / might + 动词原形

May / might have done

肯定句、否定句

can /could

can / could do

Can / could have done

否定句、疑问名( could可用于肯定句)

should

用来表示一种估计的情况“按理会 /估计会”should do/be

should have done

肯定句、否定句、疑问句

情态动词 对现在和未来的推测 对过去的推测 使 用 场 合
must must + 动词原形 must have done 肯定句
may / might may / might + 动词原形 May / might have done 肯定句、否定句
can /could can / could do Can / could have done 否定句、疑问名(could可用于肯定句)
should 用来表示一种估计的情况“按理会/估计会”should do/be should have done 肯定句、否定句、疑问句
 例如:
It must have rained last night.
She may not be at home. = It is possible that she is not at home.
She can’t be at home. = It is impossible that she is at home.
They should be there right now.
3、情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法
情态动词用于虚拟语气中表示责备的感情色彩,用法如下:
(1)should have done表示“本来应该做某事而实际上未做”,而shouldn’t have done则表示“本不应该做某事而实际上做了”。如:
You should have told me about it earlier.
You shouldn’t have said such words to your parents.
(2)ought to have done也表示“本应该……”而ought not to have done则意为“本不应该……”。如:
You ought to have told me about it earlier.
You ought not to have said such words to your parents.
(3)needn’t have done表示“本无必要做某事而实际上做了”。如:
You needn’t have walked so quickly since time was enough.
(4)could have done表示“本来有可能……而事实上未做到”。如:
I could have come on time, but my car broke on the way.
二、精典名题导解
选择填空
1. I was really anxious about you. You________home without a word.(NMET  2001)
A.mustn’t have               B.shouldn’t have left
C.couldn’t have left           D.needn’t have
解析:答案为B。本题考查的是情态动词在虚拟语气中的用法。题目给出的条件是“我确实非常担心你”,因此后面可知应是责备you不应该没说一句话就离开了。
2.—Are you coming to Jeff’s party?
—I’m not sure. I__________ go to the concert instead.(NMET  2000)
A.must           B.would          C.should           D.might
解析:答案为D。本题考查情态动词的基本用法。由题目中“I’m not sure”,表明我可能去Jeff’s party,也可能去音乐会,故用might。
3. —Will you stay for lunch?
—Sorry, ____________. My brother is coming to see me.(NMET  99)
A.I mustn’t        B.I can’t          C.I needn’t         D.I won’t
解析:答案为B。本题考查表示请求的英语口语,用will来向第二人称提问的疑问结构,是表示一种请求和意愿,是用疑问的形式来表达较为婉转的祈使语气,意思是“请你……,好吗”,对于这种问句的肯定回答是:Suree! Gertainly! Yes, of course. I’d be glad to 等;否定回答通常是:I’m sorry, I can’t. No, I’m afraid I can’t. I’m sorry, but … I’d like to, but …等。注意情态动词表客气的用法及其在一般疑问句中的问与答。