黑魂伪娘:英语高考专题复习讲与练------ 短文改错

英语高考专题复习讲与练------ 短文改错

 一、考点聚焦
    1、题型特点
    （1）词法内容。包括名词、代词的数与格，反身代词，动词时态语态，非谓语动词、短语动词的用法，不规则动词的变化形式，形容词的比较级，形容词副词的区别，介词的误用等

    （2）句法内容。包括主谓一致、指代一致，并列连词，从属连词等引导各种从句的关联词语，感叹句，疑问句，祈使句的结构等。
    （3）行文逻辑。包括句子的肯定、否定、推理、判断等。
二、应试技巧点拨
    （1）通读全文，了解文章主旨大意，确定文章的题材、体裁，把握文章的背景知识。
（2）逐句分析，把握结构。粗略分析词法、句法、逻辑上是否有问题。 
（3）逐行修改，先易后难。
（4）复读全文，验证答案。一要注意错误点的分散与比例，二要注意答题是否合乎规范。
2、改错歌诀

现将总结的短文改错歌诀提供给大家，希望有所帮助:
短文改错要做好，常见类型应记牢。
名词爱考“数”与“格”，冠词在前“错”“多”“少”。
动词时态和语态，非谓语搭配莫错了。
连代形副错一样，多是故意来混淆。
介词多半搭配，多漏误用想周到。
句法涉及到“一致”①，从句多考关系词。
词法句法均未错，逻辑推理去寻找。
“1126”惯常比②，回读复查敲定稿。
注：①“一致”：包括主谓一致，代词及相应的限定词在数、性、称方面的一致，主语与主语补语，宾语和宾语补语的一致等。 ②“1126”：指的是通常10个题项有一处是正确的，一处（或两处）属多余，两处（或一处）需补加成分，6处需更改。当然，此非“定势”，仅作参考。
三、错误类型
笔者对1996年以来的高考英语改错题作了细致的分析并加以归类后，发现错误类型主要集中在以下方面。(为了既节省篇幅，又方便读者查阅原题，本文从历年的高考英语短文改错题中抽出句子为例，并在例句后注上出自哪一年的第几小题，如(1996.86)意为该例句出自1996年高考英语改错题的第86小题。另外，例句中非属某特定错误类型的错误已被笔者改正。)
1、动词时态
从过去6年的高考英语改错题来看，每年都有时态错误的小题，而且改动基本集中在一般过去时与一般现在时之间。时态的更改要以上下文的主体时态为依据。
 (1)They offered me coffee and other drinks.We have a good time talking and laughing together. had(1996.92)
 (2)Dear Bob，
Hello.I learn about you from my English teacher Miss Fang. learned(1997.86)
 (3)My favorite sport is football.I was a member of our school football team. am(1998.86)
 (4)I am happy with any programme but the others spent a lot time arguing... was(1999.92)
 (5)I remembered her words and calm down. calmed(2000.83)
 (6)They did not want me to do any work at home；they want me to devote all my time to my studies so that...  do(2001.79)
 (7)The time passes quickly.Evening came.  passed(2002.82)
2、名词单复数
单复数互改是高考英语改错题的基本题型之一，改动的依据有：一是根据名词前的修饰限定成份；二是根据上下文的逻辑关系。　　
 (1)They were eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of question. questions(1996.94)
 (2)We study quite a few subject，such as maths，Chinese，English and physics. subjects(1997.91)
 (3)We practise three times every week and often watch football match on TV together. matches(1998.88)
 (4)She said that she and my schoolmate all wished me success，but... schoolmates(2000.77)
 (5)...；they want me to devote all my time to my studies so that I'll get good marks in all my subject. subjects(2001.81)
 (6)On the way up I was busy taking picture since the scenery was so beautiful. pictures(2002.82)
3、句子结构
句子结构方面的错误范围庞大，解答高考英语改错题主要可以从以下几方面来思考：1)句子结构是否完整，成份是否冗缺；2)单词的词性与其在句中的功能是否相符；3)复合句中连接主句和从句的关系词或引导词的运用是否得当等。
 (1)They∧eager to know everything about China and asked me lots of questions.(形容词不能单独作谓语) were(1996.93)
(2)I'd like to∧your penfriend，and get to know more about your country. be/become(1997.87)
 ("I'd like to..."中的"to"为动词不定式的标志词，其后必须加动词原型)
 (3)I live in Beijing，where is the capital of China.  which(1997.89)
 (关系词在定语从句中作主语，应该用关系代词)
(4)What∧your favourite sport？ is(1997.94)
 ("主系表"结构中缺少连系动词)
 (5)I look forward to hear from you soon.  hearing(1997.95)
 (此句中"to"为介词，其后必须加名词，代词或动名词等相当于名词的词)
 (6)Play football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also... Playing(1998.89)
 (动词不能作主语)
 (7)Also，the sport teaches us the important of obedience(服从). importance(1998.93)
 (形容词"important"不能作动词"teaches"的直接宾语)
 (8)I was often a little tired after a day's work and watch TV demands very little effort. watching(1999.88)  (同(6)，动词不能作主语)
 (9)Unfortunate，there are too many people in my family. Unfortunately(1999.89)
 (作为全句的状语，应该用"Unfortunate"的副词形式)
 (10)...but it didn't matter that I would win or not. whether(2000.78)
 (由一般疑问句演变而来的主语从句，应由whether引导)
 (11)My parents love me dearly of course and will do all they can∧make sure that I get a good education. to(2001.78) (此句中"all they can"为"all that they can do"的省略形式，"to make sure that..."为动词不定式短语作目的状语)
 (12)...，but we do not seem to get much time to talk about together. about(2001.83)  (介词"about"后无宾语，此介词多余)
 (13)It was about noon∧we arrived at the foot of the mountain. when(2002.78)
 (复合句的两个分句之间缺少连词)
4、赘述
高考英语改错题中的赘述是指在一些固定表达中或从上下文逻辑来看用了多余的词，从而使句子表达不合规范或造成逻辑上的重复。(注：带下划线的词为多余的词，即需删去的词)
 (1)Today I visited the Smiths-my first time visit to an American family. time(1996.86)
 (2)In fact，they are planning to visit China in next year. in(1996.95)
 (3)First，let me tell you something more about myself. more(1997.88)
 (4)We practise for three times every week and often watch football match on TV together. for(1998.87)
 (5)Now I can't watch much television，but a few years ago I was used to watch it every night.much(1999.86)
 (6)Whenever I see them I will often think of my English teacher. often(2000.85)
 (7)I was so tired that I fell asleep at the moment my head touched the pillow. at(2002.85)
5、固定结构(固定句型、固定短语、固定搭配)
所谓固定结构是指英语中一些不能随意更改的习惯表达。如固定短语中的词不能冗缺，固定搭配要前后一致等。
 (1)It was very kind for them to meet me at the railway station and drove me to their home. of(1996.88)
 (2)I use to play ping -pong a lot in my sparetime，but...   used(1997.92)
 (3)Some wanted to see the programme while others preferred another. one(1999.91)
 (4)...but the others spent a lot∧time arguing and ...  of(1999.93)
 (5)When I was on the stage the next day，I felt so nervous as I shook like a leaf. that(2000.80)
(6)Suddenly，I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. a(注：a为需删去的词)(2000.81)
(7)Like most of my schoolmates，I have neither brothers nor sisters-in any other words，I am an only child. 　　any(any需为删去的词)(2001.77)
6、冠词
　　英语中冠词只有三个，从高考英语改错题的角度来看，只能从以下几个方向出题：1)不定冠词a和an互改；2)不定冠词a或an和定冠词the互改；3)根据需要增删冠词。
　　(1)Today I visited the Smiths-my first visit to a American family. an(1996.87)
　　(2)Each player must obey∧captain，who is the leader of the team. the(1998.94)
　　(3)Suddenly，I caught a sight of my English teacher in the crowd. a(注：a为需删去的词)(2000.81)
　　(4)We may be one family and live under a same roof，but... the(2001.82)
　　(5)As everyone knows，it's∧famous mountain with all kinds of plants and animals. a(2002.76)
7、代词
　　代词不仅要与其所指代对象一致，其运用还要符合上下文的语气及逻辑关系。
　　(1)The Smiths did his best to make me feel at home.  their(1996.90)
　　(2)And they must not break the rules too often if we  want to win the game. we(1998.95)
　　(3)Now someone at home reads instead.  　everyone/everybody(1999.95)
　　(4)The day before the speech contest∧English teacher talked to me. my(2000.76)
　　(5)It was about noon when we arrived at the foot of the mountain.The three of them were very excited.  us(2002.79)
8、连词及与并置问题
　　连词连接的前后两部分是否合乎逻辑；并列连词所连接的前后两部分结构是否等同。这两点是解答与连词及其相关问题的高考英语改错题的关键所在。
　　(1)It was very kind of them to meet me at the station and drove me to their home. drive(1996.89)
　　(2)Playing football not only makes us grow up tall and strong but also give us a sense of fair play and team spirit. gives(1998.90)
　　(3)She was smiling but nodding at me. and(2000.82)
　　(4)I remembered her words and clam down.    calmed(2000.83)
　　(5)It looks as if my parents treat me as a visitor and a guest. or(2001.84)
　　(6)The food was expensive and the service was good.  　　but(2002.80)
　　(7)As we climbed the mountain，we fed monkeys，visiting temples and told stories. visited(2002.83)
9、易混淆的词或词组
　　易混淆的词既包括词意相同或相近的同义词、近义词，也包括外形相似、意义有别的词组。易混淆词或词组的辨析也是高考改错题中不容忽视的部分。
　　(1)...but now I am interesting in football. 

　　interested(1997.93)
　　(2)We must keep in mind that we play for the team instead∧ourselves. of(1998.92)
　　(3)Now I can't watch television，but a few years ago I was used to watch it every night.
　　was(注：was为需删去的词)(1999.87)
　　(4)Unfortunately，there are too many people among my family. in(1999.90)
　　(5)They did not want me to do any work at family；they want me to... home(2001.80)
　　(6)Do they really understand their daughter？What things are in other homes，I wonder. How(2001.85)
　　(7)Evening came down. down(注：down为需删去的词)(2002.83)
　　以上错误类型的划分不一定很科学，但至少能为考生解答高考英语改错题提供思考方法。一旦考生认清了高考英语改错题的特点、解题方法以及错误类型，解题时就不会盲目从事，而能做到有的放矢。