二十五个永恒瞬间：改变世界的“戈尔比”（图）

sunnyC

于2011-07-31 17:25:32翻译 | 已有1436人浏览 | 有0人评论

前苏联的最后一位总统戈尔巴乔夫在西方被亲切地称为“戈尔比”，是西方人最喜欢的一位苏联领导人。本文带你回顾这位伟人一生中的二十五个片段。

The son of an agricultural mechanic in the North Caucasus, Mikhail Gorbachev wasn't exactly tapped for greatness at birth. Eighty years later, though, he stands out as one of the giants of 20th-century history for his role in engineering the end of the Cold War. Elected as the youngest full member of the Politburo in 1980, he took over the Communist Party's top office in 1985 and proceeded to introduce the first steps of liberalization to the world's most powerful communist country, through his programs of glasnost and perestroika. Meanwhile, he built strong relationships with Western leaders such as U.S. President Ronald Reagan and British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Although his reign ended in 1991 with the demise of the Soviet Union, he has remained active in public life as a politician, commentator, and celebrity. 

Here, Gorbachev looks up on an official visit to London in 1984. 

       米哈伊尔•戈尔巴乔夫是北高加索一个农业机械工的儿子。出生时，天并未将大任于斯人，然而八十年后的他，还是因当年精心推动冷战的终结，跻身于20世纪的伟人之列。1980年，戈尔巴乔夫入选苏共中央政治局，成为其最年轻的政治委员，并在1985年接任苏共一把手，推行改革和开放政策，使苏联这个当时世界上最强大的社会主义国家走上自由化道路。与此同时，他与美国总统罗纳德•里根、英国首相玛格丽特•撒切尔等西方大国的领导者也结下了深厚的情谊。虽然在1991年，戈尔巴乔夫辞职，随即苏联解体，但作为一个政治名家、评论员，他仍活跃在公众的视线中。

       此图摄于1984年，戈尔巴乔夫正式访问伦敦。

The above photo from the early 1980s shows portraits of Gorbachev and Afghanistan's third communist leader, Babrak Karmal, posted on a wall in Kabul. The text reads "Strong be the unshakable Afghan-Soviet friendship," reiterating a 1978 friendship treaty. In 1979, Soviet troops invaded Kabul, instigating a bloody nine-year conflict with the U.S.- and British-backed mujahideen. Gorbachev pledged to withdraw troops upon taking office in 1985. But political concerns about a retreat meant that the bulk of the Soviet presence in Afghanistan stayed in place until late 1988. 

       上图摄于上世纪80年代的喀布尔，墙上所挂肖像分别是戈尔巴乔夫和巴布拉克•卡尔迈勒——阿富汗人民民主共和国第三任总统。下方红色字体写的是“阿-苏友谊坚定不移”，重申了1978年两国签订的友好条约。1979年，苏联军队入侵喀布尔，与以英美为靠山的阿富汗游击队展开了长达9年的血战。1985年戈尔巴乔夫上台后即要求撤军，但鉴于政治上的考量，苏军大部直到1988年底才撤出阿富汗。

A fireside chat between Gorbachev and Reagan in Geneva on Nov. 19, 1985, resulted in an understanding that "a nuclear war cannot be won and must not be fought." While the leaders couldn't resolve their positions on the Strategic Defense Initiative, Reagan's proposed space- and ground-based protection system to prevent nuclear attacks, the summit was perceived as a success, ending with a mutual agreement to reduce nuclear arms by 50 percent. Gorbachev and Reagan got along famously well, addressing each other by their first names during the 1987 negotiations that produced the first treaty that reduced the size of the countries' nuclear arsenals. Reagan reportedly even tried to convert his Soviet friend to Christianity at a summit meeting in 1988. 

       1985年11月19日，戈尔巴乔夫和里根在日内瓦进行“炉边对话”，达成了“核战两败俱伤，不应发动”的共识。虽然里根为防止核打击所提议的太空和地面部署防御系统，即“战略防御计划”没有得到双方一致认可，但那次峰会还是被视作一次成功的会晤，最后双方同意，将各自核武器减少一半。
       1987年，美苏双方签订首个缩小核武器规模条约时，戈尔巴乔夫和里根对对方直呼其名，关系之好，人尽皆知。据报道，在1988年的一次峰会上，里根甚至想让他的苏联老友改信基督教。

A Russian woman watches Gorbachev's 1988 New Year's Eve address. In 1989, Gorbachev introduced his policy of glasnost, which sought to promote free speech, limit media censorship, and encourage discussion of political, economic, and social issues. Paired with perestroika, the restructuring of the Soviet economy, glasnost set the stage for the 1989 revolutions in Eastern Europe and the final breakup of the Soviet Union. 

       1988年，一位俄罗斯妇女观看戈尔巴乔夫在新年前夕的电视演讲。1989年，戈尔巴乔夫开始推行“开放”政策，旨在促进言论自由，放宽媒体审查，鼓励公众对政治、经济及社会问题的讨论。“开放”政策与调整苏联经济结构的“改革”政策共同为1989年的东欧革命及后来的苏联解体铺平了道路。

Gorbachev and his wife, Raisa, visit the site of the infamous Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster for the first time on Feb. 23, 1989, almost three years after the incident. Chernobyl is considered to be the world's worst nuclear power plant accident -- reaching level 7, the highest tier on the International Nuclear Event Scale. Gorbachev and the rest of the Soviet leadership did not acknowledge the incident to the Soviet public until several weeks after it had happened. The botched coverup heightened the public scrutiny directed at Gorbachev's Communist Party while aggravating tensions between Moscow and the Soviet republics of Eastern Europe most affected by the disaster.

       1989年2月23日，切尔诺贝利核电站事故发生将近三年之际，戈尔巴乔夫和妻子赖莎首次参观核灾难旧址。切尔诺贝利事件被视作最严重的核泄漏事故，达到国际核事件分级表的最高级——7级。包括戈尔巴乔夫在内的苏联领导人，直到事故发生几周之后才向苏联民众承认事实。这次拙劣的掩盖行为加强了公众对戈尔巴乔夫领导的共产党的监督。苏联共和国东欧地区受核灾难影响严重，其与俄罗斯的紧张关系也由此升级。

On his first diplomatic visit to South America in April 1989, Gorbachev met with Fidel Castro in Havana. Russia's crumbling economy could not continue to aid Cuba as it had before, and although Gorbachev reassured Cuban journalists that the Soviet-Cuban friendship was still strong, the two leaders made no real agreements. 

       1989年四月，戈尔巴乔夫首次出访南美，在哈瓦那会晤菲德尔•卡斯特罗。苏联经济日渐衰败，对古巴的援助也远不如当初。尽管戈尔巴乔夫向古巴记者们保证，苏古友谊坚定如故，但此次会面两位领导人没有达成任何实质协议。

The iconic 1989 kiss between Gorbachev and East German President Erich Honecker on Oct. 7, 1989, symbolized more than just the 40th anniversary of the German Democratic Republic's creation in East Berlin. It would prove to be a kiss of death. Gorbachev told the longtime leader of East Germany, "Those who delay are punished by life itself." Only 11 days later, Honecker was deposed, and the Berlin Wall was torn down the following month, making the end of the GDR. 

       1989年10月7日，戈尔巴乔夫与东德总理埃里希•昂纳克在东柏林的标志性一吻，见证了德意志民主共和国走过的第40个年头。远不止如此，这一吻后来也被视作东德的死亡之吻。戈尔巴乔夫对这位东德的老总理说，“一再拖延的人终将受到历史的惩罚。”仅仅11天后，昂纳克就遭到弹劾，而一个月后，柏林墙也被推倒，东德至此消亡。

In 1990, Lithuania declared its independence from the Soviet Union, causing an uproar in Moscow. In response, the Soviets attempted to overthrow the recently formed Lithuanian government by imposing economic blockades, and Soviet troops killed 13 Lithuanian civilians in an attack on a broadcast tower in Vilnius. On Jan. 20, 1991, 100,000 people gathered in Moscow to protest the violence and the sanctions and to demand Gorbachev's resignation. 

       1990年，立陶宛宣布从苏联独立，消息传到莫斯科，引起轩然大波。苏方不甘示弱，试图实行经济封锁，以推翻刚刚建立的立陶宛政府；苏军还在袭击立陶宛首都维尔纽斯的一座广播塔时，杀害了13名立陶宛平民。1991年1月20日，十万人聚集莫斯科，抗议苏方的暴力和制裁，并要求戈尔巴乔夫下台。

The Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) was signed by U.S. President George H.W. Bush and Gorbachev on July 31, 1991, marking the finale of a decade-long disarmament debate. The treaty became the largest arms-control negotiation in history. In 2010, U.S. President Barack Obama and Russian President Dmitry Medvedev signed its successor, New START, to ensure further deep cuts in the countries' arsenals. 

       1991年7月31日，时任美国总统老布什和戈尔巴乔夫签署了战略武器削减条约（START），标志着长达十年之久的裁军争论正式落下帷幕。这一条约成为有史以来规模最大的军备控制协议。2010年，美国总统奥巴马和俄罗斯总统梅德韦杰夫签署了新一份战略武器削减条约（New START），确保双方进一步裁减军备。

On Aug. 19, 1991, Gorbachev sent out a televised message from Crimea, where communist hard-liners were holding him in an attempt to seize power and prevent the collapse of the Soviet Union. The coup's leaders, a handful of top officials in the military and the KGB, had initially attempted to gloss over the illegitimacy of their power grab by claiming that Gorbachev was in poor health. Gorbachev's message dispelled those rumors, and within three days, street protests had forced the coup's leaders to flee the country. 

       1991年8月19日，戈尔巴乔夫通过电视传达口信。当时，共产党内的强硬派分子将他软禁在克里米亚岛，企图夺权，不让苏联解体。此次政变的带头人是军队以及克格勃（苏联国家安全委员会）中的一帮高级将领和官员，他们原本想假借戈尔巴乔夫健康恶化之由，粉饰其非法夺权的阴谋。戈尔巴乔夫的口信粉碎了谣言，三天之后，街头抗议迫使政变头目逃离苏联。

Gorbachev faces the Russian parliament on Aug. 23, 1991, just days after his return from captivity in Crimea. Gorbachev received a thorough dressing-down from the parliament and Russian President Boris Yeltsin. Yeltsin forced Gorbachev to read decrees that, among other things, turned all Soviet property in Russia over to the Russian state, at that time the largest republic comprising the Soviet Union. The Soviet leader could only watch as the parliament also banned all Communist Party activity in Russia. 

       1991年8月23日，戈尔巴乔夫从克里米亚岛监禁归来几天后，面对俄罗斯议会，受到议会和总统鲍里斯•叶利钦彻头彻尾的斥责。当时俄罗斯是苏联最大的加盟共和国，叶利钦迫使戈尔巴乔夫宣读政令，将所有在俄罗斯境内的苏联资产移交俄管理。戈尔巴乔夫同样只能眼睁睁地看着议会禁止了苏共在俄的所有活动。

Gorbachev went on television on Dec. 25, 1991, to announce his resignation as president of the Soviet Union, the final post he held during his seven years in power. The decision brought to a close the era of Soviet power in Russia, begun more than seven decades earlier with the Russian Revolution. 

       1991年12月25日，戈尔巴乔夫在电视上宣布辞去苏联总统的职位，结束其七年的执政生涯。七十多年前由俄国革命开启的苏维埃政权时代，因此终结于俄罗斯。

Former world leaders Reagan and Gorbachev, donning Western hats, relaxed at Reagan's Santa Barbara ranch in May 1992 with their wives just five months after Gorbachev's resignation. Upon hearing of Reagan's death in 2004, Gorbachev praised his former negotiating partner as a "great president" and said that the news of his death "upset me very much." 

       1992年5月，戈尔巴乔夫下台五个月后，戴着西式帽的前世界领袖里根和戈尔巴乔夫携妻子在里根的圣巴巴拉农场小憩。2004年，戈尔巴乔夫听闻里根逝世，赞誉他的这位老谈判伙伴为“一位伟大的总统”，称里根的死讯“让我悲痛万分”。

Gorbachev wipes away tears as he and fellow mourners pay their last respects to his wife Raisa in September 1999. Born in 1932 to a Siberian railway worker, Raisa stood out as a sociologist for her bold research into class differences in the supposedly class-free world of Soviet communism. A similar brashness defined her forays into public society as the first lady of the Kremlin. American first lady Nancy Reagan called her "arrogant," and many in Soviet society bristled at her high profile and taste for haute couture. But her outgoing style made her a hit in the West, and she was her husband's closest confidante on political affairs. 

       1999年9月，戈尔巴乔夫与其他悼念者向亡妻赖莎告别，戈拭去泪水。生于1932年的赖莎作为一名西伯利亚铁路工人，面对所谓“阶级平等”的苏维埃共产主义社会，大胆调查阶级差异，以一个社会学家的身份脱颖而出。同样是这份盛人之气，使她以俄第一夫人的身份走向公众。美国第一夫人南希•里根曾说她“傲慢”，苏联各界也曾对她高调偏爱高档女装而大为光火。但是，赖莎爽直的个性使她在西方大受欢迎，同时在政务上，她也是丈夫最亲密的知己。

Gorbachev touches the casket containing Reagan's body inside the Capitol in Washington, D.C., following the U.S. president's death in June 2004. 

       2004年6月，美国前总统里根辞世。在华盛顿国会大厦，戈尔巴乔夫抚着装有里根遗体的棺木。

Gorbachev talks to then-Russian President Vladimir Putin at Gottorf Castle in Schleswig, Germany, on Dec. 21, 2004, before a news conference with Putin and then German Chancellor Gerhard Schröder. Over the last decade, Gorbachev's initial support for Putin has given way to increasingly outspoken criticism. This February, a month before celebrations for his 80th birthday, he called Russian democracy a "sham." 

       2004年12月21日，德国石勒苏益格的戈托夫城堡，戈尔巴乔夫在时任俄国总统普京与德总理施罗德召开新闻发布会前与普京交谈。过去十年中，戈尔巴乔夫对普京的态度由最初的支持渐渐转向益增的指责。今年2月，离戈尔巴乔夫的80岁生日庆典还有一个月之际，他称俄国的民主只是一种“假象”。

Gorbachev plants a tree during a ceremony in Potsdam in 2005, held to commemorate Germany's Reunification Day. Although it was Reagan who told Gorbachev to "tear down this wall" in June 1987, polls a month beforehand showed that West Germans actually saw Gorbachev as more serious about peace and disarmament than Reagan.

       2005年，波兹坦举行纪念德国统一日庆典期间，戈尔巴乔夫亲自植树。虽然在1987年6月，是里根劝戈尔巴乔夫“推到这座墙”，但一个月前的调查表明了事实上西德人的看法是，与里根相比，戈尔巴乔夫更把和平与裁军当回事。

Gorbachev stands in front of the Hofdi House in Reykjavik, Iceland, during a visit in 2006. Twenty years earlier, he had come to the same location for a summit meeting with Reagan on arms control. The talks produced little immediate results, but helped lay the groundwork for later arms reductions. 

       2006年戈尔巴乔夫访问冰岛期间，站在雷克雅未克的赫夫迪楼前。二十年前的一次峰会，他曾与里根在此商讨军备控制问题。谈话并未产生立竿见影之效，但却为后来双方削减武器奠定了基础。

Gorbachev hobnobs with Elton John and others at a 2007 fundraising party for the Raisa Gorbachev Foundation, held at Hampton Court Palace in London. The foundation, established in 2006 by Gorbachev and Russian billionaire Evgeny Lebedev (son of tycoon Alexander Lebedev), promotes approaches to fighting childhood cancer. Raisa herself suffered from leukemia for 10 years before her death from the disease in 1999. During the last decade of her life, she served as an advocate for children with leukemia. 

       2007年，在伦敦汉普顿宫举办的募捐晚宴上，戈尔巴乔夫为其名下赖莎基金会的筹款与艾尔顿•约翰等人十分亲密。赖莎基金会2006年由戈尔巴乔夫与俄罗斯富豪亚历山大•列别捷夫之子埃维金•列别捷夫共同创立，旨在为抗击儿童癌症作出努力。赖莎于1999年辞世，在此之前的十年间都遭受着血癌之苦。生命的最后十年，赖莎一直致力为白血病患儿服务。

The Dalai Lama cracks a joke with Gorbachev during the 2007 World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates in Rome. Gorbachev earned the prize in 1990 for his efforts to bring about the close of the Cold War.

       2007年，诺贝尔和平奖得主峰会在罗马举行，图为达赖喇嘛与戈尔巴乔夫开起玩笑。戈尔巴乔夫1990年因推动冷战结束而获此殊荣。

Gorbachev joins German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Poland's former president and labor hero Lech Walesa at a 2009 ceremony to mark the 20th anniversary of the fall of the Berlin Wall. Gorbachev opposed the wall's removal at the time. Nonetheless, his contributions to the end of the Cold War ensured him a warm welcome at the ceremony, where onlookers serenaded him with chants of "Gorby! Gorby! Gorby!" 

       2009年，在柏林墙倒塌20周年的纪念活动上，戈尔巴乔夫与德国总理默克尔，以及波兰前总统、工人领袖莱赫•瓦文萨站在一起。当年戈尔巴乔夫曾反对推翻柏林墙，然而，由于他推动冷战结束功不可没，当天的活动上还是受到围观者的热烈欢迎，他们大声呼喊着“戈尔比！戈尔比！戈尔比！”

Gorbachev chats with actor Leonardo DiCaprio onstage during the annual Cinema for Peace gala at the Berlin International Film Festival in 2010. DiCaprio and Gorbachev met when the former Soviet leader featured in DiCaprio's environmental documentary The 11th Hour. Gorbachev heads up the environmental NGO Green Cross International, which he founded in 1993. 

       2010年柏林国际电影节的年度“和平电影”晚会上，戈尔巴乔夫与影星莱昂纳多•迪卡普里奥在舞台上交谈。两人相识是因戈尔巴乔夫出演了迪卡普里奥的环保纪录片《第11小时》。戈尔巴乔夫于1993年创立了非政府环保组织——国际绿十字会，并领导至今。

Left: Gorbachev embraces actress Milla Jovovich at the Gorby 80 gala, held in London this March to celebrate Gorbachev's 80th birthday and raise money for cancer charities. 

       左图：戈尔巴乔夫在“戈尔比的八十大寿”庆典上拥抱女演员米拉•乔沃维奇。这一庆典今年三月在伦敦举办，既是为80岁的戈尔巴乔夫庆生，同时又为癌症进行慈善募捐。

Right: Gorbachev poses with host Sharon Stone at the Gorby 80 gala. Gorbachev has become something of a celebrity since his ouster in 1991. In addition to his appearance in the DiCaprio documentary, he has featured in a strangely subversive Louis Vuitton ad, and his birthday bash was headlined by a performance by the London Symphony Orchestra. But celebrity has its pitfalls. After a Russian vodka producer sold bottles with his portrait on the label, he was forced to copyright his own name, along with his nickname "Gorby." 

       右图：“戈尔比的八十大寿”庆典上，戈尔巴乔夫与主持人莎朗•斯通合影。自1991年下台之后，戈尔巴乔夫似乎成了名人，客串了迪卡普里奥的纪录片不说，还颠覆性地为路易威登拍了一支奇怪的广告，生日庆典也因伦敦交响乐团的演出而上了头条。然而，名人也有意想不到的烦恼。一个俄国伏特加酒商在商标上使用戈尔巴乔夫头像，以提高销量；这使得戈尔巴乔夫不得不对自己的名字连同昵称“戈尔比”进行了版权保护。

Gorbachev poses with former California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and Israeli President Shimon Peres at the Gorby 80 gala. Gorbachev's celebrity hasn't stopped him from remaining involved in Russian politics. Since 2000, he has founded three political parties to compete with the ruling United Russia party, though the third has yet to materialize since he announced its creation in 2008. 

       “戈尔比的八十大寿”庆典上，戈尔巴乔夫与前加州州长阿诺•施瓦辛格、以色列总统西蒙•佩雷斯合影。戈尔巴乔夫的名气并未阻挡他涉足俄政坛的脚步。自2000年以来，他先后成立了三个政党，试图与现任执政党——统一俄罗斯党抗衡，虽然第三个政党自2008年宣布成立以来一直尚未成形。

Gorbachev speaks onstage during the finale of the Gorby 80 Gala. In 2006, Gorbachev distanced himself further from the Kremlin when he joined oligarch Alexander Lebedev, father of Evgeny Lebedev, to purchase a 49 percent stake in renegade newspaper Novaya Gazeta. Former Gazeta employees include Kremlin critic Anna Politkovskaya, whose murder in 2006 sparked an international outcry over press freedom in Russia. 

       戈尔巴乔夫在“戈尔比的八十大寿”终场上台发言。2006年，戈尔巴乔夫与克里姆林宫渐行渐远，他和寡头政治家亚历山大•列别捷夫一道收购了俄罗斯叛逆媒体《新报》49%的股份。《新报》雇员曾包括克里姆林宫批评家安娜•波利特科夫斯卡娅，她在2006年被谋杀，引发国际社会对俄罗斯新闻自由的强烈抗议。

While Gorbachev is generally well liked in the West, there is a grave disparity between Western and Russian perceptions of the leader. Many Russians hold him responsible for Russia's downfall as a superpower, as well as the economic disaster that followed such dramatic social change.

       在对戈尔巴乔夫的看法上，西方与俄罗斯大相径庭。尽管他在西方国家深受爱戴，然而在俄国却有不少人认为，俄罗斯超级大国地位衰退，以及巨大的社会动荡带来经济灾难，这一切戈尔巴乔夫难辞其咎。
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