蚌埠特产是什么:正泰公益基金会

译：A new coastal path

Frantic land reclamation along China’s coastline is harming fragile ecosystems, say Jiang Gaoming, Dou Guanyi and Chen Bosen. Here, they set out a proposal for making shore development work for the environment.

Land reclamation in China has caused a steep decline in coastal plant life and seriously damaged local biodiversity. Here, we argue that natural ecosystems, such as coastal shoals, wetlands and mangrove forests, should be protected in order to boost vegetation levels on coastal and saline land and increase carbon dioxide absorption.

China’s coastal cities are experiencing a land reclamation boom, driven by the vast profits offered by new ground. One mu (around 667 square metres) of reclaimed land can be sold to a developer for one million yuan (US$149,000). With reclamation and construction costs of around 200,000 yuan (US$29,800) per square metre, that’s a 400% mark up.

But too much reclamation has been disastrous for coastal wetland ecologies. The extent of China’s mangrove forests has plummeted from 500 square kilometres 60 years ago to 150 square kilometres today as a result of reclamation and felling, and their fragile ecosystems are at the brink. Many organisms have lost their habitats and breeding grounds, and the coast its important function as a protective barrier. There is therefore an urgent need to regulate land reclamation, ensure responsible use of coastal areas, construct an environmental-compensation system for oceans and protect the ecosystems of coastal shoals, wetlands and mangrove forests.

Currently, 13% to 15% of construction activity in coastal provinces and cities – 3% to 4% of the country’s total – happens on reclaimed land. The State Council, China’s highest administrative authority, has approved plans for Liaoning Coastal Economic Zone, Hebei’s Caofeidian New Area, Tianjin Binhai New Area, Jiangsu Coastal Zone, Guangdong Pearl River delta area, Fujian Straits West Coast Economic Zone and Guangxi’s North Bay Economic Zone. Plans for the Shandong Peninsula Blue Economic Zone and Zhejiang Coastal Economic Zone are also being drawn up. Large swaths of these zones will be built on reclaimed land, presenting a huge challenge to the protection of coastal wetlands. Measures to increase ecological restoration must be fundamentally integrated into these developments.

Increased levels of vegetation on coastal shoals (sand or silt landforms that extend from the land into the sea) and saline soil would reduce the impact of ecological degradation and act as a carbon sink. Jiangsu alone has 6,873 square kilometres of shoals. These have already seen successful test plantings of over 10 salt-tolerant energy crops – low cost crops used to make biofuels – such as sweet sorghum, Jerusalem artichoke and salicaceae; 30 salt-tolerant vegetable crops, including dwarf saltwort and water celery; and salt-tolerant fodder crops including rye, alfalfa and salicornia europaea, otherwise known as pickleweed. Some fodder crops have a better ability to absorb carbon than forests. Ten thousand square metres of Astragalus sinicus, also called Chinese milkvetch, for example, can store 7.5 tonnes of carbon.

China has almost 347,000 square kilometres of saline soil and, in theory, planting half of this with crops such as salicaceae or alfalfa could lead to absorption of 100 million tonnes of carbon dioxide, and carbon-trading profits of 10 billion yuan. China’s reserved land includes almost 107,000 square kilometres of saline soil. If 40,000 square kilometres of this was planted with sweet sorghum or Jerusalem artichoke, 86 billion yuan of investment would be needed – but it would produce 20 million tonnes of biofuel, worth 100 billion yuan, not to mention 10 million jobs in agriculture and 130,000 more in processing.

Since 2002, the State Council and local governments have given the go-ahead for 740 square kilometres of land to be reclaimed. If we assume an environmental-compensation rate of 1.4 billion yuan per square kilometre, one trillion yuan of funds would have been raised under our proposed system. If for every mu (667 square metres) of land reclaimed, there was an obligation to restore 300 square metres of mangrove forest, plant 130,000 square metres of salt-tolerant energy forest and fodder or 40,000 square metres of salt-tolerant energy crops, the percentage of China’s energy drawn from non-fossil sources would greatly increase, much more carbon would be captured and many jobs created. As well as protecting the environment, such a system would also provide a new energy industry for local land-reclamation projects. We therefore propose:

First, the formation of an Oceanic Environmental Compensation Consultation Committee. At the end of 2009, the National Development and Reform Commission and the State Oceanic Administration announced that management of land reclamation would be strengthened and started a programme to revise the zoning of coastal areas. In tandem with this, the authorities and experts should form a committee to investigate and plan compensation and carbon-trading mechanisms, in line with the aims of the 12th Five-Year Plan.

Second, the establishment of a National Laboratory for Oceanic Environmental Compensation and Energy Crop Carbon Sequestration. China’s salty marshland covers an area equivalent to one third of its total arable land, and there are 420 types of salt-tolerant plants besides mangrove forests – energy crops such as sweet sorghum, Jerusalem artichoke and salicaceae. We propose a national laboratory to research the use of low-cost crops in shoals and salt marshes, coordinate practical aspects of the overall plan and strive towards environmental as well as economic success.

Third, establish a Coastal Shoals Carbon Trading Association and an Ecological Compensation Energy Farm Association. The first of these would, either under a cap-and-trade system or with financial and technical support for ocean projects, use a portion of income from land reclamation to subsidise the planting of economic crops on shoals. The second would explore possibilities for an oceanic environmental compensation system responsible for restoring mangrove forests, shoals and wetlands and establishing farms for energy crops. Ultimately, these would bring the carbon-trading strengths of coastal energy crops into play, reducing greenhouse-gas emissions and benefitting the coastal economy.

（译文如有出入请联系本会，来源于chinadialogue）

译　　文：

增加滨海能源植物以吸收碳排放

中国的围海造田让滨海植物锐减，破坏生态系统。蒋高明，窦观一和陈伯森在此建议，保护沿海滩涂、湿地和红树林等天然生态系统，增加沿海滩涂或盐碱地上的植被，以吸收碳排放。

　　由于商业利益巨大，“围海造田”在中国沿海城市愈演愈烈。每平方米“围海造田”的成本为220元到520元之间，建筑开发成本为每平方米1000元，如果将每亩20万元成本围海造出来的“土地”卖给开发商，造地一亩就能得到5倍以上的利润，即达100万，真是“一本万利”。

　　然而，无序的“围海造田”对近海湿地生态系统却是灾难。由于围海造田和过度砍伐，中国天然红树林面积己由60年前的5万公顷下降到目前的1.5万公顷。红树林大面积消失，使中国红树林生态系统处于濒危状态，许多生物失去栖息场所和繁殖地，海岸带也失去了重要的生态防护屏障。因此，规范围填用海行为，确保海域空间资源的有序开发利用，建立海洋生态补偿机制，保护沿海滩涂、湿地和红树林等天然生态系统，已迫在眉睫。

　　目前，围填海每年新增的建设用地约占中国每年新增建设用地总面积的3～4%，占沿海省(区、市)每年新增建设用地面积的13～15%。国务院批准了辽宁沿海经济带、河北曹妃甸循环经济示范区、天津滨海新区、江苏沿海地区、福建海峡西岸经济区、广东珠江三角洲地区、广西北部湾经济区等区域规划，正在制定山东蓝色半岛经济区、浙江沿海经济带等区域规划。这些规划中的用地，很大程度上要依赖“围海造田”，对濒海湿地保护造成了很大压力，必须采取有效措施从源头增加生态恢复动力。

　　如果增加沿海滩涂或盐碱地上的植被，不但可以降低对生态破坏的影响，还可以吸引碳排放。中国仅江苏沿海就有1031万亩滩涂。目前，滩涂上已经成功试种甜高粱、菊芋、竹柳等10多种耐盐能源经济作物，海蓬子、海英菜、海水芹等30多种耐盐蔬菜，黑麦草、紫花苜蓿、盐角草等多种耐盐牧草。一些牧草还具有大于森林的固碳能力。如每公顷紫云英可固碳7.5吨。中国有盐碱土壤5.2亿亩，如果利用其一半种植竹柳等能源林或紫花苜蓿等耐盐牧草，理论上可以固定1亿吨二氧化碳，获碳交易收益100亿元。在中国可利用的后备土地中，盐碱地就有1.6亿亩。如利用其中的6000万亩种植甜高粱或菊芋等，投资约需860亿元，可具有2000万吨生物燃料的生产能力，燃料总产值可达1000亿元。并可提供1000万个原料生产岗位，13万个加工生产岗位和160亿元的原料加工收入。

　　2002年以来，国务院和地方各级政府共批准实施的填海面积为111万亩。如果以每亩100万元购买生态补偿配额计算，资金可达1万亿元。假如按照每填海1亩必须承担恢复0.5亩红树林、开发200亩耐盐能源林及牧草或60亩耐盐能源经济作物的生态补偿任务，不但可以大幅提高中国非化石能源的比利，并且能够大量增加森林碳汇，提供大量就业岗位。在保护生态的同时，也给地方的围填海带来“新能源产业”等多重好处。为此我们建议：

　　第一、成立“海洋生态补偿咨询委员会”。2009年底，国家发展改革委、国家海洋局联合印发了《关于加强围填海规划计划管理的通知》，启动了全国海洋功能区划的修编工作。在修编工作的同时，应组织有关部门和专家成立“海洋生态补偿咨询委员会”，结合“十二五”规划，围绕海洋生态碳汇交易平台构建及运行机制、碳汇核算评价体系、植物减排增汇技术等议题，组织开展海洋生态补偿与碳交易机制规划和专题调研，切实保证濒海开发与环境保护并举。

　　第二、组建“海洋生态补偿与能源植物碳汇国家实验室”。中国盐渍土面积相当于耕地的三分之一，沿海滩涂除红树林外，还有420多种盐生植物，可种甜高粱、菊芋、竹柳等制造生物燃料的耐盐能源植物。建议组建“海洋生态补偿与能源植物碳汇国家实验室”，并负责海滩和盐渍土经济作物的利用研究，统筹协调有关实际问题，实现生态环境与经济收益的双丰收。

　　第三、建立“沿海滩涂碳交易协会”和“生态补偿能源农场”。前者可在总量控制配额交易制度下或海洋项目资金、技术支持下，将围海造田的部分收益补偿海滩能源经济植物的种植；后者则以实际行动，探索建立符合实践需求的海洋生态补偿系统，承担恢复红树林、滩涂湿地和建设“能源农场”的生态补偿任务，盘活碳资源。最终发挥濒海能源植物碳贸易优势，让其发出的“热量”为减排“温室气体”和滨海经济发展增加动力。