黑暗之魂1重回不死院:高中英语词语辨析(六)

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worth, worthy与worthwhile

worth, worthy, worthwhile 这三个词均可表示“值得的”,由于它们词形相近,意义相似,所以许多同学经常将其用混。本文拟以它们作一比较和区分,供同学们参考。

 

一、从句法功能上看

worth 通常只用作表语,不用于名词前作定语;worthy 和 worthwhile 可用作表语和定语。如:

It isn’t worth the trouble. 不值得费那个事。

He is a worthy gentleman. 他是位值得尊敬的绅士。

His behavior is worthy of great praise. 他的行为值得高度赞扬。

They achieved a very worthwhile result. 他们取得了很有价值的成果。

We had a long wait, but it was worthwhile because we got the tickets. 我们等了很久,但还算值得,因为我们把票买到了。

 

二、从所使用的修饰语来看

worth 习惯上不用 very 修饰(要表示类似意思可用 well),而 worthy 和 worthwhile 则可以用副词very修饰。如:

That is very worthy of our attention. 那件事很值得我们注意。

Nursing is a very worthwhile career. 护理工作是很值得干的职业。

但习惯上不说:The work is very worth doing. (very 应改为 well)

 

三、从搭配习惯来看

1. 有关 be worth 的搭配习惯

(1) be worth后可直接跟名词、代词或动名词。如:

The picture is worth $ 500. 这幅画值 500 美元。

The clock is hardly worth repairing. 这台钟简直不值得修理。

What is worth doing is worth doing well. 值得干的事就得干好。

注意:其后可接动名词,不能接不定式,且接动名词时,总是用主动形式表示被动意义。

(2) 在现代英语中,在be worth前使用形式主语it被认为是合习惯的。如:

It isn’t worth repairing the car. 这辆汽车不值得修了。

Is it worth visiting the city? 这个城市值得去看吗?

但是,若不用形式主语it而直接用动名词作主语则是错误的,如:

误:Repairing the car is worth. 

(3) 在be worth doing 结构中,除非句首用了形式主语it,否则句子主语总应是其动名词的逻辑宾语;若其中的动词不及物,应考虑加上适当的介词。如:

Nothing he said was worth listening to. 他说的话没有一句值得听。

She’s not worth getting angry with. 犯不上跟她生气。

2. 有关 be worthy 的搭配习惯

(1) be worthy 后不能直接跟名词、代词或动名词,若要接,应借助介词 of。如:

Their efforts are worthy of your support. 他们的努力应得到你的支持。 

Her behavior is worthy of praise. 她的行为是值得赞扬的。

 (2) 与be worth后只接动名词不接不定式不同,be worthy后不接动名词,而接不定式(若该不定式要表示被动意义,则应用被动形式)。如:

He is worthy to receive such honor. 他应该得到这种荣誉。

This suggestion is worthy to be considered. 这个建议值得考虑。

(3) 若要在be worthy后接动名词,与后接名词时的情形一样,应借助介词of,且该动名词若要表示被动意义,要用被动形式。如:

He is worthy of filling [=to fill] the post. 这个职位他当之无愧。

This suggestion is worthy of being considered [=to be considered]. 这个建议值得考虑。

 

3. 有关 be worthwhile 的搭配习惯

(1) be worthwhile 后接动名词或不定式均可。如:

It is worthwhile buying the dictionary. 这本词典值得买。(其中的 worthwhile 也可换成 worth)

It is worthwhile to discuss the plan again. 这个计划值得再讨论一次。(其中的 worthwhile 不能换成 worth,因为其后接用了不定式)

(2) 有时可将worthwhile分开写,此时也可在其中加上one’s。如:

I’d think it worth while to go. 我认为值得去。

Do you think it’s worth while quarrelling with me?你认为与我吵值得吗?

Would you like to do some gardening for me? I’ll make it worth your while. 你愿意在我的花园里干些活吗? 我不会亏待你的。

It is worth your while visiting [to visit] the museum. 这个博物馆值得你去看看。

(3) 按传统语法,It is worth (one’s) while to do sth [doing sth] 结构必须用it作形式主语,其中的不定式或动名词做句子的真正主语。

 

四、一句多译

在很多情况下,同一个意思可用几种不同的形式表达。如:

那个地方值得一去。

正:The place is worth a visit.

正:The place is worthy of a visit.

正:The place is worth visiting.

正:It is worth visiting the place.

正:The place is worthy of being visited.

正:The place is worthy to be visited.

正:It is worthwhile visiting the place.

正:It is worthwhile to visit the place.

 

especially, specially, particularly

 

一、强调程度时

当用于形容词或副词前,强调程度(通常译为“特别”)时,三者都可用。如:

It is particularly [especially, specially] cold today. 今天特别冷。

I was feeling particularly [especially, specially] tired this evening. 今天晚上我特别累。

有时还可修饰动词。如:

I especially [particularly, specially] want to see that film. 我特别想看那部电影。

 

二、强调目的时

当用于强调目的(意为“特意”、“专门”)时,通常用 specially 或 especially,一般与表目的的不定式或介词 for 短语连用。如:

I was asked specially to meet her. 特意要我去接她。

We bought it specially [especially] for you. 这是我们特意为你买的。

The book is written especially [specially] for children. 这本书是专门为孩子们写的。

 

三、表示列举时

当用于陈述某一事实之后,列举一个具有代表性的例子作进一步强调时,一般用 especially,有时也用 particularly,其后可接名词、介词短语、从句等。如:

We want to invite some friends, especially Jim and John. 我们想邀请几个朋友,尤其是吉姆和约翰。

Noise is unpleasant, especially when you're trying to sleep. 噪音是令人不愉快的,尤其是当你想入睡的时候。

The children enjoyed watching the animals, especially [particularly] the monkeys. 孩子们喜欢观看动物,尤其是猴子。

 

first与at first

 

一、从词性上看区别

first可用作形容词或副词,有时还可用作代词;而at first作为介词短语,只起副词用作用(在句中用作状语)。如:

First class is the most expensive way to travel. 坐头等舱是最贵的旅行方式。(first为形容词,在句中用作定语)

This is the first time I have heard of such things. 这是我第一次听到这样的事。(first为形容词,在句中用作定语)

You needn’t read the whole book hut you must read the first four chapters.你们不必把整本书全读完,但必须读完前四章。(first为形容词,在句中用作定语)

I asked them to ring first in case we were out. 我请他们先打电话来,以防我们不在家。(first为副词,在句中用作状语)

She’s always the first to arrive and the last to leave. 她总是第一个来,最后一个离开。(first为代词,可视为其后省略了one, person等之类的词)

His second suggestion was not much better than his first. 他的第二个建议比第一个好不了多少。(first为代词,可视为其后省略了suggestion)

At first we used hand tools. Later we had machines. 开始我们用手工工具,后来我们有了机器。(at first在此用作状语)

二、从用法上看区别

1. first的用法

first 用来说明顺序,意为“先……”,暗示接下去还有其他动作或事件要发生,因此其后往往接有(或暗示有) then, next, last 等词。如:

Think first, then act. 先想清楚再行动。

I’ll have to finish my homework first. 我得先把作业做完。

First (you) boil some water. Then (you) warm the teapot. Then (you) add three teaspoons of tea. Next, (you) pour on boiling water... 你先烧些开水,然后把茶壶烫热,接着放三勺茶叶,随后冲入开水……

John came home from work. First he read the paper for a while, then he got up from the chair and turned on the radio. 约翰下班回家,先看一会儿报,然后从椅子上站起来,打开收音机。

2. at first 的用法

at first 的意思是“起初”“开始”,它主要用于强调前后对照,暗示接下去的动作与前面的动作不同甚至相反,因此常有 but, afterwards, soon, at last 等相呼应。如:

At first I didn’t want to go, but I soon changed my mind. 我开始不想去,但我很快就改变了主意。

The work was hard at first, but I got used to it. 起初这活儿很累,不过后来我习惯了。

At first they were very happy, but then things started going wrong. 起初他们生活得很幸福,但后来就开始出问题了。

At first I paid little attention, but slowly my interest awoke. 起初我没怎么注意,但逐渐产生了兴趣。

三、其他几点区别

1. at first 除以上用法外,其他场合一般不用它;而first除表示“先……(然后……)”外,还可表示“最先”“第一次”“首先”等。如:

Ladies first. 女士优先。

That’s mine—I saw it first. 那是我的,是我先看见的。

When did you first meet him? 你第一次见他是什么时候?

2. 有时at first并非固定搭配(first后还修饰有其他词语)。如:

She was so nice a girl that he fell in love with her at first sight. 她是这样好的一个姑娘,使他一见钟情。

She could tell at first glance to which class a man belonged. 她一眼就能看出一个人属于哪个阶级。

3. at first与at last不是一对反义词组,后者的意思是“终于”“最终”。如:

At last the truth became known. 最后真相大白了。

She has at last got everything ready. 她最后把一切准备好了。

At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽车来了,我已等了半小时。

 

allow与permit

 

1. 两者均可表示“允许”,其区别是

permit 通常指上级、规则或法令等表示的准许,其语气较重;而 allow 通常指消极地不加反对,有时含有听任或默许之意,语气较轻。如:

Nothing is permitted; everything is allowed. 一切都没明文规定可以做,但一切做了也无妨。

The nurse allowed him to remain there,though it was not permitted. 护士让他留在那儿,而按规定那是不许可的。

 

2. 从用法上看

两者后接动词作宾语时,均要用动名词形式,而不能用不定式。如:

We don’t allow [permit] swimming in the pool. 我们不许在池子里游泳。

但是若其后接有名词或代词,那么其后须接不定式。如:

We don’t allow [permit] children to swim in the pool. 我们不许孩子们在池子里游泳。

注意这类结构的被动式之后可用不定式(此时的不定式不是宾语,而是主语补语)。如:

正:We do not allow [permit] people to smoke here.

正:People are not allowed [permitted] to smoke here.

误:People are not allowed [permitted] smoking here.

 

fairly, quite, rather, very, pretty

一、含义上的区别

1. 这几个副词都可表示程度,fairly 语气最轻,尽管经常与褒义词连用,但由于语气较弱,往往不带明显的恭维或赞赏,通常译为“还算”、“相当”。比如要说某部电影 fairly good,指的可能是还勉强过得去,只是没有否定。

2. quite 语气稍重,意为“颇”或“相当”。要是说某一部电影quite good,那是说这部电影相当不错,虽不是最好,但至少值得看。

3. rather 或 pretty 在语气上又稍重一点,意为“十分”或“相当”(pretty 不如 rather 正式)。要是说某一部电影 rather / pretty good,指的是这电影相当不错,语气比较重,意指要高出一般水平或出乎意料地好。两者均可与褒义或贬义形容词连用。与褒义词连用,表示一种愉快的心情,与贬义(包括不褒不贬)词连用,表示一种不赞成或不满意的心情。如:

She looked rather [quite] nervous. 她显得相当紧张。

It’s a rather [quite] interesting book. 它是一本相当有趣的书。

She looked rather [quite] disappointed about it. 她对此显得相当失望。

4. very 语气最强,意为“很”或“非常”。 要是说某一部电影very good,这是说这部电影很不错,算得上是精品之作。

以上几个副词按语气的轻重可大致描述为:(not) → fairly → quite → rather / pretty → very

 

二、用法上的差别

1. 以上各词中,只有 rather 可以与比较级以及副词 too (太)连用。如:

It’s rather warmer today. 今天暖和多了。

This one is rather too large. 这个稍大了一点。

The exercise was rather too difficult. 这练习未免太难了。

注:quite 有时也与比较级连用, 但主要限于quite better (身体好)这一表达中。

2. rather 和 quite 有时可直接修饰动词,而其他几个副词一般不这样用。如:

I quite agree with you. 我完全同意你(的意见)。

We rather like the book. 我们很喜欢这本书。

3. rather, quite 与“冠词+形容词+名词”连用时, 通常置于冠词之前,有时也可放在冠词之后。但遇此类似情况,very 或 fairly 则只能放在冠词之后(形容词之前)。如:

It’s quite [rather] a good idea. =It’s a quite [rather] good idea. 那可真是个好主意。

注:若此结构中没有形容词,则quite和rather 只能放在冠词之前。如:

It was quite [rather] a success. 那事相当成功。

The news gave us rather [quite] a shock. 这消息使我们颇为震惊。

It’s rather [quite] a shame that he missed the concert. 他未能参加音乐会真有些可惜。

4. 修饰不可分级的形容词(如right, wrong, ready, full, empty, perfect, impossible, alone, unique 等),通常只用 quite,此时quite 并不表示“相当”或“很”,而表示“完全”。如:

You’re quite right (wrong). 你完全正确(错了)。

That’s quite impossible. 那完全不可能。

 

able与capable

able和capable均用于谈及某人能够做某事。

若说someone is able to do something意为某人能做某事,因为有知识或技能,或具备做该事的条件。

Breslow wondered if he could be able to climb over the rail. 布雷斯洛不知道是否能爬过栏杆。

They must be able to use their profiles for new investment. 他们必须能把利润用于新的投资。

注意,过去时表明某人实际上已经做了某事。

We were able to reduce costs. 我们能够降低成本。

若说someone is capable of doing something 指某人如有需要的话,是具有做某事的知识或技能的,或指他有可能会做某事。

Workers are perfectly capable of running the organizations which employ them. 工人完全有能力经营受雇的机构。

She was quite capable of dropping off to sleep. 她往往会不知不觉入睡。

也可说to be capable of a feeling or an action,意为具有某种感情,或会做得出某事的。

I think he's capable of loyalty and seriousness. 我想他会忠诚,认真。

Bowman could not not believe him capable of murder. 鲍曼不相信他会杀人。

在谈及汽车或机器等的性能时,通常用capable of。

        ... water turbines, which are capable of producing more economical electricity. ……能降低发电成本的水动涡轮机。

The car was capable of 110 miles per hour. 这车每小时能跑一百一十英里。

若把某人描述为able或capable,其意为某人聪明能干。两词用作这一意义时,基本相同。

        ... the able and methodical King Charles V of France. ……能干、有条理的法国国王查理五世。

This very able man totally failed to see the possibilities of the telephone. 这位非常能干的人根本没看到电话的潜在价值。

Newborn babies are more capable than was once thought. 新生婴儿的能力比以前人们想象的要强得多。

Well, you certainly have a capable gardener there. 哟,你的园丁一定能干。

 

afraid与fear

afraid 意思是怕,害怕。它是形容词,通常与to be连用,可以广泛地用以表示害怕心理。例如:

Don't be afraid. 不要害怕。

We are not afraid of difficulties. 我们不怕困难。

I was afraid of hurting his feelings. 我害怕伤他的感情。

fear 意思是害怕。它是动词,与be afraid往往可以通用,但不如 be afraid常用(特别是在口语中)。例如:

we fear no difficulty.我们不怕困难。

He feared to speak his mind.他不敢说出自己的想法。

Fearing that he would catch cold, I went out to see him.因为怕他会受惊,我走去看他。

        [注] 在口语中, be afraid 和 fear可以表示担心或怀疑的意思,作为一种客套用语。例如:

I’m afraid we shall be late.恐怕我们会迟到。

I fear it’s not so.恐怕不是这样。

 

after与behind

这两个词都可以表示时间或地点,但各有其不同的涵义。

after 表示时间时,意思是在……以后,它表示地点时,意思是“在……后面”,通常指次序的先后。例如:

He came after ten o'lock.他十点钟以后来的。

Two days after his arrival,I called on him. 在他到达两天以后,我拜访了他。

After you!请!(您先走!)

behind 表示地点时,意思是在或跟在……后面、在或跟在后面,着重指位置的前后。它有时也表示时间,指按照一定的时刻而迟了的意思。例如:

The garden is behind the house.花园在房子后面。

He stood behind me.他站在我背后。

The dog was running behind.狗跟在后面跑。

 

ago与before

ago 是副词,意思“是……以前”。它指从此刻起若干时间以前,通常与过去时连用。例如:

It happened two days ago.这件事发生在两天以前。

I met him a few minutes ago.我在几分钟以前碰到他。

before 也可以用作副词,表示“…...以前”,但它是指从那时起若干时间以前,与完成式连用。例如:

He said that he had seen her two days before.他说他两天以前见到她。(这里表示从他说话那时起两天以前)

It had been fine the day before.(那天)前一天的天气很好。

此外,before 也可以泛指以前,与完成式或过去时连用。例如:

I've seen that film before.我以前看过那部影片。

I never met him before.我以前从未见过他。

另外,before还可以用作前置词或连接词表示时间,ago 不能这样用。  

 

also, too, either

also 意思是“也”,是比too较为正式的用语,通常用于肯定句中,一般靠近动词。例如。

I also went. 我也去的。

too 意思也是“也”,是最普通的用语,常与also通用,但不如also正式,在口语中它用得更多。too通常放句末,但有时为了不致引起含糊不清的感觉,把它紧放在所修饰的词之后。它也通常用于肯定句中。例如:

I went there, too.我也到那儿去的。

Mother was angry too.母亲也发怒了。

I, too, have been to Paris.我也去过巴黎。(这里明确表示人家去过巴黎,我也去过。而不是除了去过某地以外,还去过巴黎。)

either 意思也是也。它用于否定句中,而且要放在句末。例如:

If you do not go,I shall not either.倘若你不去,我也不去。

I have not seen him either.我也没有看见过他。

I haven't been there yet,either.我也没有去过那儿。