黑暗之魂3战技怎么用:高中英语词语辨析(十)

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by oneself,for oneself,in oneself,of oneself

这四个词组的意义有所不同。 

By oneself的意思是“单独地”、“靠自己地”( alone or independently)。例:

His father lives by himself in the village.

他的父亲独自一个人住在村里。

All his friends have deserted him and he is all by himself now.

他所有的朋友都离弃他,现在他孤独一人。

For oneself的意义为“为自己”(for himself or for herself)。例:

One should not live only for oneself. 

人不应单为自己而活。

In oneself的意思是“就其本身或本性而言”。例:

This wood is hard in itself.

这种木头本要就是硬的。

Of oneself的意思是“自然地”、“自发地”、“自动地”(of one's own accord)。例:

Every day I awake of myself at half past five.

每天早上我都是五点半就自己醒来。

The door opened of itself.

门是自己开的。

The fire went out of itself.

火自己熄灭了。

与上列四个短语相类似的还有两个词组,即beside oneself和 to oneself,前者义:“失常”、“发狂”;后者是“独自占有或享用”。例:

He was beside himself with joy.

他欣喜若狂。 

When one dines in a restaurant,one likes a table to oneself.

人们在饭店吃饭时,总是喜欢独占一桌。

Oneself和 one's self的区别也是值得我们注意的。Oneself是反身强调代词,意指自己;one's self则是代词加名词,意指个人的本性。它们的区别如同myself和my self;yourself和your self ;himself和his self;ourselves 和our selves ;themselves和their selves一样。例:

She made a cup of tea for herself.

她为自己烧了一杯茶。

She looked just like her old self.

她看上去和从前依然一模一样。

请注意,myself可以在句中表示me的涵义,这是其他反身代词所没有的特性。例:

They invited my father and myself(=me)to their party.

他们邀请我父亲和我参加他们的聚会。

He saw neither myself nor Mary in the street.

在马路上他既没有看见我,也没有看见玛丽。

 

by turns与in turn

 

如同 by name和 in name 参阅该节)一样,这一对短语也不是同义语。 by turns的意思是“轮流地”、“交替地”、“忽而…忽而…”( one after another; alternately or in rotation);in turn的意思是“依次相继地”(each in due succession)。例:

We read the poem by turns. 

我们轮流读这首诗。

They sang songs by turns

他们轮流唱歌。

He grew pale and red by turns.

他的脸一会儿红一会儿白。

We sang the song in turn.

我们依照次序唱歌。

We were summoned in turn to see the judge.

法宫依次召见我们。

跟by turns同义是 take turns,但二者语法不同。前者是副词片语,作状语用,后者为动词片语。例:

The classes visited the exhibition by turns.

The classes took turns to visit the exhibition.

各班学生轮流参观展览。 

请注意,on the turn的意思则是“正在变化(转变)中”。例如:

The bullish stock market is on the turn

股票牛市开始变了。

 

 

China与china

 

这两个词都是名词,读音相同,但意义有别。

China(首字母大写)是“中国”,指 the People's Republic of China;china(首字母小写)是“瓷器”,尤指优质瓷器。例:

This car is made in China.

这辆汽车是中国制造的。

She laid out a small tray with the best china on the table.

她把盛着上等瓷具的小托盆放在桌上。

与之类似区别的词有:

Turkey 土耳其

turkey 火鸡

Japan日本

japan 漆;(日本式)漆器

Guinea 几内亚 

guinea 几尼(旧英车金币名,全21先令)

有趣的是,类似区别的现象不但出现于单词中,也见诸于短语里。如: in the Doldrums和 in the doldrums。前者的意思是“在Doldrums海域里”。Doldrums位于非洲海岸大西洋内,是个热带无风带。该海域的特点为,当大西洋其他地区刮大风时,海浪滔天,而the Doldrums 海面依旧平静如常,后来人们由此而引伸出另一个意义,当他们感到“意志消沉”、“毫无生气”或“闷闷不乐”时,就用 to be in the doldrums这个短语来表示。现在请对比 in the Doldrums和 in the doldrums在下列句中的不同涵义:

Our ocean liner is now sailing in the Doldrums.

我们的轮船现在正在Doldrums海域航行。

Recently,trade appeared to be in the doldrums.

近来商业一片萧条。

You look as though you were in the doldrums.Cheer up!

看来你的意志颇消沉,振作点吧!

 

clean与clear

 

这两个词都可用作形容词、动词或副词,意义相近,故易混淆。

Clean的本义是“清洁干净”,强调没有尘污,其反义词是dirty;clear的本义是“不模糊”、“不难解”,即:“清晰”、“明白”故前者的同义词是neat和tidy;后者的同义词是obvious和apparent。例: 

Everything is spotlessly clean in their room.

他们的房间里样样东西都是一尘不染。

It is essential that we keep the city clean and green.

重要的是我们应保持城市整洁和绿化。

Her pronunciation is clear and her words are understandable.

她的发音清晰,话也易懂。

Do I make myself clear on this point?

关于这一点我说清楚了吗?

Clean作动词用时义为“清洁/使清洁”;clear作动词时,义为“清除”或“转晴”,作副词时,义:“清楚地”、“完全地”。例:

The rubbish must be cleared away.

一定要把这些垃圾清除掉。

It will clear up in no time.

天气即将放晴。

A bullet went clear through the stone wall.

有一颗子弹完全穿过了石墙。 

如所周知,clear的另一副词是clearly,但在下列语句中,应用副词clear,而不用clearly:

ten feet clear足足有十英呎

They cried clear through the night.

他们整整哭了一个晚上。

It vanished clear away(=clean away).

它完全消失不见了。

He spoke loud and clear.

他讲得既响亮,又清楚。

值得注意的是,如果clear之前用另一副词very或quite,就必须将clear改为clearly,即:

He spoke very(or quite)clearly.

 

clean与cleanse

 

用作动词时,clean很易和另一动词cleanse混淆不清。

Clean的意思是“使洁净”、“把…去垢”(to make clean by washing,dusting,sweeping or brushing)。如:to clean a dress,room,hand,shoe,watch等。例:

Please clean your shoes.

请把鞋刷干净。

He cleaned the floor with water.

他用水冲洗地板。 

I have got my watch cleaned in a watch-shop.

我的表已在一家钟表店清洁过了。

Cleanse的意思是“清洗干净”,“使…纯洁”(to make thoroughly clean or make pure)。为此,cleanse含有“彻底洗清”之意味,语义比clean强得多。clean和cleanse的另一区别是前者为一般用语;后者是正式的(formal)或古旧的用语,有时它还能用于比喻意义,例如to cleanse one's soul洗涤心灵;to cleanse the heart of sin 洗心革面;ethnic cleansing种族清洗/灭绝。

下面请看例句:

We have cleansed the garden of weeds.

我们已把花园里的杂草清除干净。

She bought some detergent and antiseptic from a dyeing and cleansing store.

她从一家洗染商店买了洗洁精和消毒剂。

You must cleanse your heart and soul.

你必须洗心革面,重新做人。

Cleansed of guilt by atonement,he felt light of heart again.

通过赎罪的方式洗清他的罪行后,他的心变得再次安乐。

That tribe is facing ethnic cleansing.

那部落正面临种族灭绝的厄运。

请注意,cleanser是cleanse的名词,它有两个不同的意义,一个是“清洁剂”(a liquid we use for cleaning something),另一个是“做清洁工作的人”(a person who is employed to clean something)。 

 

climate与weather

 

这两个词的词义有细微的差异,使用场合也有所不同。

Climate指某地的平均气候或经常性的气候(average weather conditions);weather指某地一时的天气,如寒暖、晴雨和干湿的变化情况(a particular condition of wind,rain,snow,sunshine,etc.)。例如:

The climate of our country is mild,but individual places experience bad weather.

我国的气候是温和的,但有时个别地区也会出现坏天气。

请再看下面的例句:

A drier climate would be good for your health.

比较干燥的天气也许会对你的健康有好处。

What is the weather like today?

今日天气如何?

In Hong Kong people seldom wear galoshes in wet weather.

在香港下雨天很少有人穿童鞋。 

请注意,weather之前不可以用不定冠词a来修饰。例如我们不可以说:What a brilliant weather!应把a删去。

另外,用作比喻义时,climate与weather都指“环境”,“情况”,但使用场合有些不同。例如:

The favourable political climate is conducive to economic investment.

良好的政治气候有利于经济投资。

The hostile climate in the institute makes working there difficult.

机构里的恶劣气氛使在那里工作变得困难。

You cannot rely on fair-weather friends to help you in all weathers.

你不要指望一些酒肉朋友在种种环境里都能帮助你。

 

close与near

 

用作形容词时,close很易与near混淆不清。

Close的意思是“紧接时”、“靠近时”、“近傍时”,涵义比near强。它既可以指地点、时间和次序上的接近,也可以指感情上的接近。例:

My house is close to the public library.

我的家靠近公共图书馆。

The examination is close at hand.

考期已逼近。

She is close with him:They are very close friends.

她和他很亲密:他门是很亲密的朋友。

First cousins are close relatives.

堂/表兄弟是近亲。

His father is close on ninety years of age.

他的父亲将近九十岁。 

close to有时作“大约”解,如:

Close to 4,000 young men and women took part in this sportsmeet.

大约有四千名男女青年参加了这个运动会。

Near有时可以和close互换使用,但涵义比close弱。例如:我们形容两幢相近可见的房屋时,用near;而形容屋檐相接的两幢房屋时,则用close。因此,near并不像close具有紧接的意味,而是用以指距离较近或不久将要发生和实现之事。near有时亦可指关系和感情的密切。例:

In Hong Kong,residential houses are quite near(to)the airport

在香港住宅很接近机场。

Is Tiger Balm Garden near or far?

虎豹别墅离这里是近还是远?

In the near future they can complete this arduous task.

在不久的将来,他们就可以完成这项艰巨的任务。

All of them are my near relations.

他们都是我的近亲。

Near有时还可用以表示“吝啬”的意味。例:

He is very near with his money.

他很吝啬。

请注意,“近视眼”是near-sighted,不用close,“近东”是the Near East,也不能用close。

 

college,institute,university

 

这三个词都能表示“高等学府”之义,但内涵和使用场合有所不同。

一般说来,college译作“学院”,它是university (大学)的一个组成部分,例如,一所综合大学里设有文学院、理学院、医学院等,故一所大学往往是由多所较小的college合并而成。值得注意的是,在英国,大学称为university,而在美国大学称为college;有些规模较小的大学也可称之为junior college。

“学院”一字的英语对应词很多,除了college之外,尚有institute,academy,school,conservatory,centre和faculty等字,例如以前的上海和北京的外语学院均用institute一词,麻省理工学院(MIT)也叫institute;美国的西点军校用academy;独立的音乐学院或大学多用conservatory或academy(欧洲多用);但一所大学内的音乐学院则叫School of Music或College of Music。西方有些医学院称之为medical centre;英国大学的学院则大都用school,如London School of Economics,较小的学院称为faculty,如Faculty of Science、Faculty of Arts,而神学院则用seminary一词。 

Institute一般也译作“学院”,但它着重表示单科的或专科性的院校,例如,在中国,一般的铁道、航空、邮电、美术等学院均用institute一词。值得注意的是,世界著名的学府MIT(麻省理工学院)是一所多学科性的大学,但它依然用institute一词,即:Massachusetts Institute of Technology,既为世人所知,就没有必要把它改称为university了。

由此可见,用词不同多因地区不同而发生:college 在美国指大学,在英国则指学院,甚至中学;所以香港的中学很少称为middle school而叫college。school一词则既指大学学院,也解作一般中小学校。

有趣的是,university一词可以和college连用。英国有个以研究英语语音学而闻名于世的学者,叫Daniel Jones,年轻时,他曾攻读于伦敦的一所称为University College School。这里的University College是专有名词,用作定语,修饰School。

 

concerned与concerning

 

这两个词的词义并不相同,用法亦有异。

Concerned是分词形容词,其意为“有关的”(involved);concerning是由分词转换而成的介词,其意为“关于”(relating to)。请看下面的例句:

This agreement will be signed by the parties concemed.

此协议将由各有关方面签署。

They called on all departments concemed to take prompt steps to promote the development of light industry. 

他们要求各有关部门迅速采取措施,促进轻工业发展。

由例句可见,concerned用作形容词解作“有关的”时,是后置定语,大都放在它所修饰的名词之后。但在verb“to be”之后而同样解作“关于”时,则要用be concerned with的形式,如:

This book is concerned with English usage.

此书是与英语惯用法有关。

值得注意的是,concerned(亦可表示动词之意)也可解作“关心”、“担心”解,与之搭配的介词为at、about或,用作此意时,concerned也是形容词。例:

He was deeply concerned at the news.

听到这个消息时,他深为担忧。

We are all concerned about the pollution of the environment here.

对这里的环境爱到污染,我们都感到不安。

Parents are naturally conerned for their children's safety.

父母自然关心他们儿女的安全。

下面是concerning的例句:

This is a proposal concerning the construction of the new airport.

这是关于兴建新机场的一项建议。

Yesterday we wrote him a letter concerning the business arrangement.

昨天我们就业务安排问题写了一封信给他。 

在个别场合下,concerned with可以和concerning互换使用,原因是从句which are concerned with中的which are 省略了。例如:

We had several disputes concerning/(which are)concerned with this matter.

关于此事,我们曾争论过数次。

请注意,下列语句的区别:

They were concerned(worried)about the matter.

他们为此事而担忧。

They were concerned(implicated)in the matter.

他们参与此事。

They were concemed (connected)with the matter.

他们与此事有关。

此外,作为特定词组,as far as I am concerned解作in my opinion;as far as sth is concerned解作concerning sth/ talking about sth。例:

As far as I'm concerned,this plan is impractical.

依我来看,这个计划不切实际。 

As far as funding is concerned,some banks have agreed to provide loans.

关于资金方面,一些银行同意提供贷款。